Gaelic pioneers of Christianity : the work and influence of Irish monks and saints in continental Europe (VIth-XIIth cent.)

GAELIC PIONEERS
OF CHRISTIANITY

lilil Obtat :
÷ FERDINANDUS CABROL,
Abbas Fanburgensis.

1923

IHDi1.0tstat:
JOANNES CANONICUS WATERS,
Censor Theol. Deput.
Imprimi potcst:
÷ EDUARDUS,
Archiep. Dublinen,
Hiberniae Primas.
I)UBLINI, die 2o ° Arilis, 1923.

GAELIC PIONEERS
OF CHRISTIANITY

By DOM LOUIS GOUGAUD, O.S.B.
tenedictine of St. Jk2richael's Abbey, Farnborougk

ranslated from t]ze _rench by Vt'gor Colltns
lVit a treface by _agher Augustin,

M. H. GILL AND SON, LTD.
50 UPPER O'CONNELL STREET, DUBLIN

Printed a»td Bond
i Ireland by :: ::
M. H. Gill  Son,
:: :: Ltd. :: ::
.o Upper O'Connell
Street :: :: Dublin

'0
MY FRIEND
M. F. DUINE
AFFECTIONATEL" AND GRATEFULLY
L.G.

CONTENTS
FIRST PART :
THE WoRI oF XHE MlSSlOARIES, ]IoIqKS AI
OTrIER IRISH Peregrini o THE CONTINENT
I. St. Columban, St. Gall and their Disciples . 3
II. St. Fursa and the Perigrini Mingres 17
III. Wandering Bishops, Clerics and Monks 24
IV. Pilgrims and Sham Pilgrims 3I
V. Some Reasons for the Irish lXiissionary
Exodus 35
VI. Ireland's Doctissimi Magistri Abroad 42
VII. The Knowledge of Greek in Ireland During
the Middle Ages 55
VIII. Travelling Methods of the Islanders . 68
IX. Charitable Institutions for the Benefit of
the 8cotti.--Monasteria 8cottorum 78
X. Tlle Recluses . 88
vil

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
PAGE
SECOND PART :
THE PLACE Or IRISH SAINTS IN CONTINENTAL
RELIGIOUS FOLKLORE
I. The Three Great National Saints lO3
II. St. Brendan the Navigator 118
III. The Missionary Monks : St. Columban and
St. Gall 12I
IV. Saints specially honoured in Belgium and
France 12 7
V. Saints specially honoured in German Lands I4o

viii

BIBLIOGRAPHY
The original sources are too numerous fo be indicated
here ; they will be round af the foot of the pages.
I.--WORKS HAVING CONNECTION WITH  FIIOE PART
IN PARTICULAR
ALFONS BELLESH:EIM, Ueber einige Beziehungen Irlande u
Reichsstadt Aachen unà DiSzese Lïdiich (Zeitschrift des
Aachener Geschichtsvereins, XIV, 1892, p. 38-53)°
'OANNES BOLLANDUS, De B. Mariano Scoto et Murcherato ;
commentarius praevus (BoLL., Fcbr. II, 361-365).
G. BOIET-IIAUY, Saint Colomban et la fondation des
rnonastères irlandais en Brie au VII  siècle {Revue
historique, LXXXIII, 1903, p. 277-299).
lIas. THOLS COICINOI% The Lire of Sint Columban,
Dublin, 1915.
5. 5. Dull% Irish mo'nks on the Continent (Catholic Uni-
versity Bullelin, X, 1904, p. 307-328).
L. (}OUGAUD, .Les Chrélientés eelliques, Paris, 1911, Ch. V
and VIII.
MA_X HEmUCla:ER, Die Orden und Kongregationen der
katholischen Kirche, Paderborn, 1907, l, p. 258-261.
5. 5. Lux, Der hl. Kolumban, sein .Leben unà seine Schrilten,
Freiburg i. Br., 1919. The saine work has been pub-
lished in English under the pseudonyme of G. bIETLAKE,
The lire and writings of St. Columban, Philadelphia,
1914.
The same. t. Vrgil the Geometer (Ecclesiaslical revew,
LXIII, 1920, p. 13-21).
WHIL. LEVISoN, Die Iren und dic Frikische Kirce ( Hso
torische Zeitschrift, CIX, 1912, p. 1-22.
EuG. MARTIN, ,aint Colomban (Les Saints), Paris, 1905.
J. V. PFLUGK-]_RTTUNG, The Old Irlsh on the Continent
(Trans. of the Roy. hist. Societg, New ser., V, 1891, p.
75-102}.
ix

Gaelic 
. RNZ, Beitrdge zut Gcschichte àer Schottenabtei St.
Jakob und des Priorates IVeih St. Peler in Regensburg
(Sludien und Mitteilungen aus àem Benedictiner-u.
dem Cistercienser-Orden, XVI-XVIII, 1895-1897).
TI2,uBE, Perrona Scottorum (Sitzungsberichte der philos.
philol-und hist. Classe der k. B. Akad. der ïssensch.
zu lliinchei, 1900, p. 469-538).
ICOLAUS VEINULAEUS, De propagations fidei christianae in
Belgio per sanctos ex H ibernia viros, Lovanii, 1639.
lC[IL. VATTEN]ACH, Dis Cougrcgation der Schotle»kl6ster
in Deutschland (Zeitschrfl fdr chrislliche Archeologis
nd K«»st, 1856, p. 21-30, 49-58}, an essay communi-
cated by W. Reeves under the ti(le : The Irish
ionasleries in Germany ( Ulsler Journal of Archaeology,
Vil, 1859, p. 227-246, 295-313).

II.--WoRKs BE.IO ON T]E SECOND PAleT IN PATICUL.kI
L. TACH.ET DE BAINEVAL, Histoire légendaire de l'Irlande,
Paris, 1856, Ch. viii, xvIII, xxIv xTv xxvII, xxvIiI.
)o CBIASO, oE]t Colombano, sua opera e suo cullo in
Ziguria (Rlcista dioeesana Gcnovese, VI, 1916, p. 121-
25).
]. C. DELCIASIBIE, Vie de ,çainl Feuille»t, amur, 1861.
-. )UIWCHTEIt, Dis Gesta Caroli lagni der Rcgensburger
Schotletlegende, Bon, 1897.
t. (AIDOZ, Un saisit irlandais en Savoie (Revue cellique,
VIII, 1887, p. 165-168}.
IIXRç. STO]ES, Six moulhs in he Apennines in search of the
vestiges of Iriæh Saints in Italy, London, 1919 ; Three
months in lhe forcsts of France : a pilgrimage in search
of vestiges of Irish Saints, London, 1895.
T. A. WAL., Irish Saints in Belgium (Ecclesiastical review,
XXXIX, p. 122-14o. )
L. PFLEOEI, Ze CUlte d'une sainte irlandaise en Alsace : Ste
Brigide (Bdlelin ecclésiaslique de Strasbourg, .LII,
1923, p. 51-55).

INTRODUCTION

HE first part of this little bookoriginally
appeared, in I9O8 , in the Revue d'histoire
ecclésiastique as L'œuvre des ' Scotti'
dans l'Eurol)e contincntala (Vol. IX, p. 21-37
and 55-277), and I made use of this paper
vhen vriting Chapter v of my Chréticntés
ccltiques (Paris, 1911).
The second part vas first published in the
Revue celtique under the title: Les saints
irlandais dans les traditions populaires des pays
continentaux (Vol. XXXIX, p. 199-226).1
Although this second study was »vritten so
lately as I9 , it does hot reappear here without
having received some slight alterations. As
regards the first paper, it bas undergone very
many changes in the way of remodelling and
correcting, as v«ell as by the addition of fresh
material, for the author bas kept himself in
close touch with everything that bas been pub-
lisEed on the subiect since 9o8.

x 8ee also the additional notes fo that 10aper in the
Recue celtique {XXXIX, No. 8, 1928).
xi

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
Nothing ages more quickly than historical
work. The historian who dates, after the lapse
of only a few years, to reprint unchanged a
former work, is guilty of a carelessness which is
hot easily reconciled with the critical faculty.
Should it ever happen that the writer of these
lines ceases to revise and amend his former
works, he is willing to be considered as mentally
impotent. Heaven grant that that day is still
far distant !

I bave to thank my devoted translator, Mr.
Victor Collins, who at his own desire undertook
this delicate work. To me it is particularly
agreeable to bave my work and naine associated
with those of a friend with whom I had the
good fortune to explore, in IgIZ , some of the
most remarkable ruins of Ireland, from the Rock
of Cashel to those of far-famed Clonmacnois.
My gratitude is no less great to Father
Augustine, O.S.F.C. for having written, at lXIr.
Collins's request, a very striking preface for
this volume.

In their distant wanderings the tireless
lioneers, whose footprints and history we have
xii

Introduction

sought to recover and to tell, ever bore in their
hearts a tender love to their " green isle," to
the " sweet earth of their native land," 1 even
as do, in out own day, the unnumbered exiles of
the Irish diaslora , who are spread over the
wide surface of the globe. These early pioneers
of the Christian naine laboured so energetically
amid the nations, rnany of whom were bar-
barous, in whose lands they were dispersed, that
they have left behind them a very deep and
lasting impression. Indeed, the Germany of the
middle ages, to honour these heroes, outlined of
them an epic which cornes within the cycle of
Charles the Great; * and to this day the
memory of the saints of Ireland still lives in
the lands that are watered by the Marne, the
Meuse, the P, hine and the Danube.
God grant that the Gaels of to-day--the Gaels
of the motherland and those of the diaslora ,
whose hearts are now wrung with bitter agony m

* " Dulce solum naalis patriae.., et virides terras,'"
writes the Irish author of Vita B. ]lariani Ratisponeris
{I, 6: Boll. 'ebr., II, 366)
* I allude fo the legend on the Scotti of Ratisbon pub-
lished by A DWTE Die Gesta Caroli Magni d.er
legensburger Schotfenlegende, Bonn, 1897).
xiii

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
rnay draw both examlole and holoe from their
glorious national history.
A Breton looet of our rime, who by some bas
been given rank with the most illustrious looets
of Christianity, though killed in the great war,
xoth Alril, 97, in the very bloom of youth,
Jean-Pierre Calloc'h, bas sung the destiny of
our race--for the Breton race is of kin to the
Gaelic race of Ireland--in one of his most beauti-
ful looems (Mon Goucn).
Listen then, Gaels of Éire, to what young
Calloc'h wrote :
" To-day, I well know, you are the deslised of all
After being, O Celtic race, the light of Europe.
To-day, like the sun, you have sunk in the West ;
But when Morning breaks, you will rise with him
again."l
L.G.

1 ff. p. CALLOC'H, A genotx, lais bretons with  French
translation by I. P..IocAË (Paris, 1921), p. 67. On
this book, see ff. 'E'DIYES in Revue cellque, XXXIX,
1922, p. 94 s.

xiv

PREFACE
HIS valuable contribution to the faine
of Ireland bas for me a special charm
which amounts almost to a fascination.
Over much of the ground it covers I travelled a
few times within the last eight-and-twenty years,
in France, Austria, Germany and Switzerland,
and, from books and friends, I gathered some of
the important information that its pages en-
shrine. More than three and a hall years of my
lire I have spent in the last-named beautiful
country on the borders of the Canton which
bears the distinguished naine of St. Gall, in
dioceses where his naine and that of his toaster
are still held in the deepest veneration, and but
a short distance from the celebrated monastery
that was once « the intellectual centre of the
German world." At the present moment I
write within easy reach of a few of the most
remarkable foundations of Irish missionaries,
and, therefore, the reading of this book has
vividly brought back the bright and happy days
of a Past in which we may justly take a holy

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
pride and from which »ve can draw abundant
inspiration to glorify the Future of our country.
The thoughtful know that in all the great
things of lire it is the value and not the bulk
of the work that counts, and the chier value of
the present study consists in the fact that it
contains nothing which is not substantiated by
texts whose authenticity and truth bave been
established by the most searching criticism.
The scholarly and erudite author bas carefully
kept his imagination under control, and, unlike
some others who bave travelled over the saine
regions, he indulges in no praise that is not
warranted by the indisputable testimony of the
past. That he loves the land which produced
the great personalities of whom he writes is
evident from almost every page, but not even
to minister to this feeling in himself or in others,
does he advance as much as one statement which
is not supported by the most unquestionable
authority.
In the documents »vhich he has cited there is
a sufficiency of beautiful things about Ireland,
ber saints and scholars, ber monks and nuns,
her bishops and missionaries, ber confessors and
naartyrs, and on these he relies to establish the

Prefac e

ancient greatness and glory of our country
abroad. To these documents he closely adheres
with thc uncrring instinct of the gcnuine
historian, and hot for onc moment docs he
allow himsclf to be lcd a»vay by that subjcc-
tivity which but too oftcn givcs us poctic
cffusions for historical facts. Evcn in the
second part which dcals »vith thc rcligious folk-
lore that bas gathcrcd round thc namcs of out
Irish missionaries, legend, while receiving its
righfful value, is lcft scvcrcly in its propcr
place and ncvcr allo»vcd to usurp thc throne
of rcgal truth. Not fancies but facts is the
naotto of thc author, and thcsc with cloqucnt
tongucs trumpct thc famc of Ircland over many
lands for close upon four hundrcd fruitful ycars.
The amount of mattcr packcd into this short
book naakes onc wondcr, and it is mattcr which
throws a flood of liglat on many important
points hot always knovn to thosc with grcat
prctcnsions to lcarning. More than a dozcn
ycars ago, in thc vcry hcart of the city of Vicnna,
I nact a fcw highly cducatcd gentlcmcn who
thought that thc famous " Schottcnklostcr" in
thcir naidst was originally foundcd by thc Scotch.
In the pages bcfore us we are accurately in-
xvii

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
formed regarding the true rneaning of " Scotti "
and " leregrini, '' the rise and fall of the " hosli-
talia et rnonasteria $cottorum," the mental
culture of ancient Ireland, and academic and
literary »york of the early ernigrants, the " scril-
tura scottica " of the late naiddle ages, the
knowledge of Greek lossessed by such dis-
tinguished rnen as Sedulius $cottus and John
$cottus Erigena, the blending of the Rules of St.
Columban and St. Benedict in the saine mon-
asteries, the itinerary of Irish lioneer travellers,
the currents of lire they set in motion, the wide-
Slread influence they exercised, and the unique
llace they still occuly in the cherished traditions
of foreign leolles.
These and rnany other rnatters will caltivate
the attention of the intelligent general reader;
but the delightful charrn of this valuable work
is that it flings the Past ulon the screen in a
clear, concentrated light, and we seem to see
these Irish confessors of the Faith go forth,
sornetimes indeed singly, but generally in srnall
bands or in grouls of twelve, following no fixed
llan, but, in the fullness of their trust, leaving
thernselves to the guidance of the $1irit of God.
They usually wore a tunic of undyed wool to
ooo
"''LLL

Prcface
which was attached a capuce, like the habit
that was afterwards adopted by the ' sweet St.
Francis of Assisi' ; and their luggage was con-
fined to little more than a stout walking-stick,
a leathern water-bottle slung to the shoulder,
and a wallet or satchel containing a few choice
books and some relics of the saints.
They were men who thirsted for the immola-
tion of self, who were drawn by the lure of
sacrifice and whose longing to spread the King-
dom of Christ it would be in, possible to express
in words. Christ had set their hearts on tire,
and even to-day, after the lapse of so nany
centuries, our souls burn within us when we read
the brief phrases that embody the great notive
which led to the wanderings of these saintly
exiles who shed such lustre on our country.
These are, it is true, varied in form, but are
generally crystallised in such words as " for the
love of God," " for Christ," " for the Naine of
the Lord," and " for the love of the Naine of
Christ." Like the gentle Poverello whose lire
and Rule bas much in common with theirs, and
whose devotion led him centuries later to the
shrine of Colunbanus at Bobbio, they were
indeed " of Christ enamoured wholly " and had

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
in full and bounteous measure that personal
affection which is such a sad want of the present
age, but which lit up their hearts with the white
heat of a great passion that no sacrifice could
satiate and no suffering subdue.
Their courage in facing dangers, their patience
in overcoming difficulties, their glowing ardour
in attacking vice, their reckless daring in preach-
ing the word "in season and out of season"
can be explained in no other way, and make it
quite easy for us to imagine that the burning
expressions of St. Paul were for ever sounding
in their ears: " Christ loved me and delivered
himself to me." " To me to lire is Christ and
to die is gain." "I lire now, no, not I, but
Christ liveth in me." " If any man love not
out Lord Jesus Christ let lfim be anathema."
They yearned to win ail to Christ, " to restore
all things in Christ," and, therefore, fearing
nothing, o'er land and sea, in poverty and
hunger, 'raid sno»v and ice they bore the " glad
tidings of great joy," and were sufficiently re-
warded »vhen they saxv the darkness of Paganism
receding before the light of Christianity and the
neglected garden of God bloom again like the
rose. Tley planted lire where they round death ;

Pi-fs.c
they raised the souls of men to higher things,
robing them with divine virtue, " as a bride
adorned with ber iewels," and kindling them
into the imperishable beauty of Him Who is the
Son of God, " full of grace and truth."
This apostolic zeal is splendid evidence of that
strong monastic spirit which characterised the
fervent days of Ireland's golden prime. But
though this monastic spirit is gone, the mis-
sionary spirit still remains and bas given proof
of its vitality in the divine chivalry with which
the consecrated descendants of heroes and
martyrs, following the track of Irish emigrants,
bave planted the Cross of Christ wherever was
raised the flag of that Empire »vhich had cruellv
driven these men and women forth. This grand
display of zeal led to fresh conquests for the
Church of God, but in our own day it bas been
eclipsed by the splendid enthusiasm that bas
smitten men of brilliant minds and generous
hearts, and impelled them, with an imperious
urgency, to devote their lives to the conversion
of China. It seems as if the still potent spirits
of those commemorated in these pages had
spoken to such souls, stirring them with their
own desire, thrilling them with their ovn pas-

Gaelic Plonee-'o Cfirisuamty
sion, and enduing them with a divine frenzy
for the accomplishment of that great sacrificial
act which renounces the joys of home, and
gladly accepts the exile's hungry heart, in order
to spread the knowledge and love of Christ in a
far-off Pagan land.
In the designs of the good God, the magic of
whose Naine fired the hearts of our old mis-
sionaries, the publication of this precious volume,
rendered into excellent English by a capable
pen, may serve as a strong appeal to the divinely
appointed watchmen on the towers of Israel, to
revive at home devotion to the founders and
teachers of the great monastic schools who once
flung glory round our country and ruade it an
island of saints whom we have strangely for-
gotten. It may also inspire some to follow in
the footprints of these ancient Scotti across the
European Continent, to make themselves con-
versant with every phase of their apostolic
journeys, and to study closelv the lives of
" men of renown " whose names still linger in
benediction on the lips of the people. But even
much better will it be if it helps to increase in
college and seminary, in convent and monastery,
that genuine sanctity vhich is absolutely neces-
xxii

Pre£acc
sary or the achievement of any great sFiritual
work ; to foster the intensive culture of ail that
is noble in the history of our race at home and
abroad ; and to raise aloft once more the sub-
lime ideals that bave ceased to burn with their
wonted brightness, but which we shall sorely
need, in the trying days before us, to kee F alive
in our own hearts and in the hearts of others, a
dee F and Fassionate loyalty to the old land and
the old Faith.

)AVOS
Fcast of St. Michacl, 1922.

xxiii

FIRST PART
THE WORK OF THE MISSIONARIES
MONKS AND OTHER IRISH
PRGRIIVI" ON THE CONTINENT

I.--St. Columban, St. Gall and their
Disciples
HE first islanders who crossed the sea
from religious motives vere Britons.
They chiefly attracted attention on
account of their heterodoxy. The earliest of
them in date, Pelagius, arrived in Rome at
the latest during the pontificate of Anastasius
(398-4oI). 1 But it çvas only after some years
spent in Italy that he began to preach
his heresy. It round easy acceptance in Ms
native land thanks to one Agricola, the son of
a Pelagian Bishop. 2 The British bishop Fas-
tidius, who vas wandering about Sicily and at
Rome between 413 and 418, was also tinctured
with the views of Pelagius.  Finally, Faustus
of Riez, whose doctrines smacked nov of Semi-
Pelagianism and then again of some kind of

Ju['n., Praefaio,  (MGNE, PL, XLçIII, 111 ).
 OSPE Oç AQUITAINE, Chronco, ed. IOMSEN (MG,
AutO. Anq., IX, Chron. Mitora, I, p. #72).
 D. G. MORL, Le De Vi Chtiana de ['évèque brdon
F«tidius et le livre de Pébgc ad l'id«om (Revc Bénédictinc,
XV. 1898. p. i81 s.).

Gaclic Pioncers of Christianity
diluted Novatianism, is also known to bave
been a native of Great Britain. 1
While these theologians were straying, one of
their unknovn countrymen, whom God had
secretly called for an immense work, was pur-
suing his priestly education under the guidance
of Gaulish bishops and monks. This man
sought only to learn the art of planting in
the souls of men the divine word and causing
it to flourish there. In 432, St. Patrick re-
turned, clad in episcopal dignity, to that Ire-
land where once as a captive slave he had
guarded his master's sheep. 
The island once converted ruade rapid
progress in the [aith. In the fifth and sixth
centuries churches and monasteries multiplied
on its soil; holiness so flourished there that
soon it deserved the naine o the island of

x The Voyages of ihe Irish saints Ibar, Ciaran, Declan,
and Abban fo Rome (Acta 8ancl. Hibcrniae ex coà. ,ffalm.,
col 237, 242, 248 ; 806 ; 415, 512 ; 4.12 ; 516)  the end
of the fourth century, soem fo us o be legendary, as also
the stay of S. Gibrianus and his comparons in Champagne
in the rime of St. emigius of Rheims (Boit., ed. of 1866,
Ma.y, II, 298).
 J. B. BUY, The Lire of Saint Patri«k md bis Plat( in
l[islory, London, 1905, p. 386 s.

Gaelic Pionecrs of Christianity
saints. 1 The converts of yesterday dreamed
of becoming apostles in their turn; the
zealous monks aspired to carry beyond the
seas their ascetic rule of lire. We do not
think it is necessary to imagine other reasons
than these in order to account for the
tendency to emigrate which began to manifest
itself anaong the Irish as early as the sixth
century. 2
Later, under the Carolingians, numerous
learned men, artists, and pilgrims flocked
from the isles to the continent; but the
travellers who landed in Gaul, in the Mero-
vingian period, and spread themselves over
the neighbouring countries, were almost solely
dominated by ideas of asceticism and apostle-
ship. For the greater part monks, voluntary
exile appealed to them as the supreme immo-
lation, and as being specially adapted to pedect
the act of renunciation they had undertaken.
To leave his native land " for the love of God,"

] Cf. L. GOUGAUD, Ees Clrétienfés cdtiques, Parie, 1911,
ch. Iii.
 J. BOOE.kNDUS, De B. larno Scoo et B. Murchato
commentorius 2)raerh$ (Boil., ed. of 1865, February, II,
p. 861-g62).
5

Gaelic Pioncers of Christianity
" for the naine of the I.ord," " for the love of
the naine of Christ," " for the welfare of his
soul," " to gain the heavenly fatherland," such
are the phrases, varied in form but the saine in
meaning, employed by the biographers of these
saintly travcllers as being best suited to des-
cribe the motive for their wanderings. 1
These wanderers called themselves pcr«grini,
which we must beware of translating generally
by the word " pilgrims.""- For the real pilgrim
betakes himsdf to the sanctuary which is

1 PEItEGRIN.çTIO PRO DEI ASIOI1E: VITA VALARICI, C.
{MG, Script. R. Merov. IV, 162) ; Kita G«ll.i, auct. Walah-
frido, 1. 0 (1165E, PL, ¢XIV, 1004}. PEREGRLNATIO
PItOPR 'OMEN DOIINI : Vitct I£adroe, c. 19
Acta Satc$. O.S.B., 5 ° saec., 494). OB AORE, PRO
AMORE, PRO NOBIINE ÇHRISTI : UIN, Epigr., 231 on
Virgil of Salzburg (MBILLOY. Acta anct. 0.8.B., g saee.,
pars 2, 309); ct,N, Eplst. 287 (M(, pi8t., IV, 446)
Vila S. l'adoali (MLLO, id. 4  saec., psrs 2. 545);
Vita Burchardi (M.G, Script., xv, p. 52) ; Passio S. Cholo-
,»anni (MG, Script., IV, 675). PRo (amwo :
Vita Colu»,bae. Praefatio, ed. FOWLEn, 5-6. PO
aXl»m: Chronic. abbat. S. Marri»ci Colore (IG, Script.
II, 215); o IPI$ED.ç IN hELI8 Phil: BED,
Ht. Eccl., V, 9 (PL, XCV, 241). Pao a a :
BEDE, HiSt. ECeI., III, 13 (PL, l.e., col. 17);
(l.c., col 248); Vi Marian Scoti, c. I (Boll., February,
II, 865).
 Boll.. Fehruary. I, 856-g57,

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
the aire of his special devotion; then, his
pious journey over, he returns to his own land
and resumes his usual lire. Doubtless there
were uch pilgrims among the Irish, and even
more among the Anglo-Saxons, who swarmed
over the roads of Europe, especially from the
eighth century; but the earlier " peregrini"
were hot, properly speaking, pilgrims. In a
far fuller sense they were voluntary exiles,
men who by a religious vow, more or less ex-
plicit, sometimes taken in childhood, with or
without the additional undertaking of apostle-
ship, forbade themselves for a prolonged period
or even, as was generally the case, for their
whole life, a return to their native land. For
this reason the writers of their lives often com-
pare them to Abraham. One might imagine
they had ail heard the voice bidding the
patriarch: " Egredere de terra tua et de cogna-
tione tua. ''1

* Jo¢s, Vita Col,tmbani, I, 4 (]IG, Script. Rer. Merov.
IV, l O ).--Lives of Saints from the Book of Lisrnore (Anecdota
O:rotiesia}, ed. WHITLEY STOKES, 1890, 586, 2740, and
4484.--Bo11., 0ctober, IX, (Vita S. Dotati epis. Fesdan£,
c. I, 656}.--Vita Altonis, c. 2 (.MG, Script. XV, 2, 848}.
]IABLLLOlq, Acta Sa»set. 0.S.B., 5 ° saec., Vila Kadroe,
c. 15, 493.

Gaelic Pioc«rs of Christianity
The great originator of these early monastic
and a,ostolic migrations was St. Columban. 1
He left Ireland with twelve comæanions, with-
out any fixed design, his one idea being to go
far from his homeland, spreading the Gos0el as
he journeyed onward among strange æeoples. 
He reached Burgnndy about 59 ° . There in
succession he founded the monasteries of Anne-
gray, Luxeuil, and Fonta,.'nes. It vas hot long
before Luxeuil, from the novelty of its rule
and the zeal of its founder, poxverfully at-
tracted the inhabitants. Indeed, the rule of
St. Columban became the ob]ect of such venera-
tion that, towards the middle of the seventh
century, many of the Gaulish cloisters adopted
it conjointly with that of St. Benedict2 We

' On St. Columban, sec E. I,x.TL', Saint Columban,
Pris, 1905; G. MEE [3. 3. LAUX], 7'he Lire and
IVrilings of ,l. Coh«mban, Philadelpa, 1914. A Gernmn
edition of the saine w published af eiburg i. Br. i
1919. Sec also L. GOUfiAUD, ChréL cell., p. 145 s.
 $ONaS, Vite C,»lumboni, I, 4, 5 (MG. b'p. r. Meror.,
IV, 7}.
" Hujus [Waldeberti] teindre per Gaiarum pro-
qnci aina monaehorum et saeram puea
examina non solum per agros, visas, xeosque arque
castels, verum etiam per ere vastitatem ex regla
dumtaxat beatorum patamx cnedieti et Columbvni

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
do hot think that there exists in the armais
of naonasticism another example of such a
combination of rules, which, morcover, are so
different in tcndency and character. 
Driven from Burgundy by Brunehaut in
61o, Columban resumed lais wanderings. They
were hot barren. His blessing given to the
child of some nobleman xvho had hospitably
entertained the saint often gave birth to a
religious vocation, which, when it had reached
maturity, usually led to the building of a new
monastery." Indeed it may truly be said that,
in order to take stock of the progrcss of mon-
asticisna in Gaul in the scventh century, it is
only necessary to follow the footsteps of the
saint. The monasteries in the Brie country,

pullulare coeperunt." (Vita S«labergae, 7 ;
21cta Sact. O.S.B., 2
gchicbte DeuMchds, ipzig, 190, I, 297.
 See neverthels on thc rules o Cassin,
other abbots in use at Saint-Yricix (SIonsterim
in Limousin, GREGORY OF
(P.L, LXXI, 510).
 G. BO-3Y, S. Colomban el la fonddion des
monastèr irlandais l Ec au qi « iècle (Buc historiqlte,
LXXXIII, 1903, 285). Ts paper hes been suarised
in t.he Alti l Coegreo intnazionale
ome. '1I. 1905, 12ô-129.

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
Faremoutiers (627),  Jouarre (63o), - Rebais
(636) 3 owe their origin to his disciples or friends.
Later on the Irish remembered this. From the
Fita ./Igili we learn that they were accustomed
to stop at Rebais when on their way to Rome.
In that halting-place they were wont to rest
and leave such members of their party as were
spent by the fatigues of the iourney.4
Faro (- c. 672 ), the brother of St. Burgondofara
or Fara, foundress of Faremoutiers, whom St.
Columban had blessed in ber girlhood, when

' Faremoutiers (Ecorlacmn), canton of l{ozoy, Selne-et-
Maxae; cf. ]LucK, op. cit., 296.I. ONET-IAY
writes : " There were seen arri ing af Faremoutiers noble
young girls of Ireland and of Great Britain."{Op. ciL, 287}.
BEDE (Hist. EccL, III. 8) speaks only of glo-Saxon
women who frequented ts monastery and that of
Chelles {Cala): " m eo tempore, necdu,n mulbis
regione glorum monasteriis cotmctis, multi de
Bttia, monaccae conversationis gratia,
vel Galfiurum monasteria adire solebant ; sed et fifias suas
eisdem eruendas, ac sponso caelesti copulandas tte-
bant ; maxime in Brige et in Cale, et in dilem
mosterio... " {PL, XC r, 128 ; ed. C.
$ouarre (Jot), cant. of Lu Ferté-sous-ouarre,
Seine-et-Marm ; cf. HAUCK, op. cit., I, 290.
 Rebais (Mon. Resbace}, cant. of OEulomers, Seine-
et-Marne.
 Vita S. Agili, c. 24 ()IABILLON, Acta Sancf. O.S.B.,
2 ç sec., 824).
IO

Gaelic Pionecrs of Christianity
he became bishop of Meaux, was equally hospit-
able to Irish travellers. At his suggestion t»vo
of them settled permanently in Gaul, St. Kilian
at Aubigny, near Arras, and St. Fiacre in the
hermitage of Broilum, in the neighbourhood of
Meaux. x
The foundations in Alsace, Switzerland, and
Italy which are connected with the wander-
ings of St. Columban and his disciples in those
countries are particularly well known. 2 In later
centuries Saint-Gall and Bobbio were diligently
frequented by the Scotti. We find, in the
eleventh century, the Irish bishop Mark, re-
turning from Rome, leaving by will his books
to the library of Saint-Gall, in which monastery
his nephew Marcellus, or Moengal, was then
living,  while another Irishman called Eusebius
had taken up his abode close by in the solitude
of Mount Saint-Victor where he dwelt for thirty
years. 4 A necrology, furthermore, bas pre-

 Vita Fiacrii, c. I (BoIL, August, VI, 605). Broilum,
or Broui], is now the village of Saint-Fiacre, Canton of
Cr6cy, Seine-et-Marne.
z E. MATL'% 8. Colombon, Book II, c. 2 and 3.
s EKKEIt&tD IV, Ça8U 8. Galli (3rG. Script. 1I, 78 s.).
• I:{ATPEIRT, Ço8{8 ,.. Grdli (il)id., 73).

It

Gaclic Pioneers of Christianity
served for us the names of several Irishmen
who died at Saint-Gall. 1 In like manner at
Bobbio, in the eighth and tenth centuries, we
find a Cummian, a Dungal, and other monks
with Irish names. -
The personal influence exerted in Gaul bi.
St. Columban was great. After his death, his
views about the exemption of monasteries,-" on
penance and confession, « and, above all, his
monastic rule continued to be propagated thanks
to the zeal of his numerous immediate disciples

1 See a note of I. -on .Aa.x, editor of the Ct«eue ,.% Galli,
o1. cit., p. 78, and the verses in the IS. r. 10 o Saint-
(iall (F. KELOER, «]Iitth¢ilugen dcr antiq. Gel'claft i
Zfiricb, VII, 1851).
s«rch of lhe Vestiges of lire Irish S¢dnfs in Italy, Londo,
1892.
CII. RED. WEI$8, Die kirchlic]wn Exttien der
KlSste»" von ihrcn Entstehung bis zut gregorianisch-ch«nia-
censischen Zeit, Baoel, 1893. Chapter 2 is entirely devoted
fo the iffiucnce of the Iro-Scolish missionaes on tLe
development of monastic liberlies.A. UEFNER, a8
Rechinstitut der klSstcrlicl, cn Exedion it dtr abend-
M»disch Kirche, etc... (ArcMv fr katl. Kirclenrecht
LXXXVI, 1906, 208 s.).
i A LNOR', Quid LTovienscs monachi . . . ad r«gulam
nmntiotm algue ad cmnm«nem 'ccleae profeeh«n con.-
tulnt, Parisiis, 1894, 62-80.--E. VACDD, Ze 9ouror
d cfs et la confession (Reruc du clergé français, 1899,
lt7 s.}.

I2

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
and those who came after them. Very many of
the most influential persons of the rime, notably
those courtiers who, with remarkable unanimity,
forsook the court for the cloister or the episco-
iate, Dado, Faro, Eligius, Wandrille, Filibert,
appear to have especially appreciated the ascetic
system of Luxeuil, and to bave worked for its
diffusion.
St. Wandrille, having resigned his dignity of
count, devoted himself in solitude to those
practices of prayer and austerity (reciting the
whole of the psalter, genuflections, standing in
icy cold water) which vividly recall the morti-
fications of the monks of Ireland. It bas been
said: " Probably the remembrance of Colum-
ban haunted the mind of Wandrille."l In
effect, he dwelt some rime near the tomb of
St. Ursin, a disciple of St. Columban ; then he
went to Bobbio, and he even formed the de-
sign of crossing to Ireland.
The future Abbot of Jumièges, St. Filibert,
appears to bave been moved by the same
haunting influence. He starts at Rebais by

1 l. VACA,DARD. lï¢ de :4,,. 0¢¢2t. *'t'éqtt¢' tlc /?ovet, l'ri.%
1902, p. 161..
13

Gaelic Pionecrs of Christianity
following the Columban rule, then goes to
Luxeuil and Bobbio, and finally dedicates to
St. Columban one of the ahars of Jumièges.
Let us take note that among his disciples St.
Filibert included an Irishman, 8idonius or St.
8aëns, who was cellarer at Noirmoutier and
later became abbot of a monastery in the valley
of the Varenne. 1
St. Eligius, while still a layman, built the
monastery of 8olignac which, following the
8cottic custom, he caused to be freed ffom
episcopal jurisdiction--a remarkable innovation
at that rime--and had it placed under the
rule of the Abbot of Luxeuil." The foundation
charter, following the custom of the day,
established as the religious law the double rule
of St. Benedict and of St. Columban. Two
former officials of the court of Clotaire II and
of Dagobert I were in direct touch with the
Scotti: St. Cyran, future Abbot of Longrey,
in the Berry, whose conversion was partly due
to a meeting with the Irish bishop lelavinus, 3
and Didier of Cahors, whose friendship for a

* E. VACANDD, o1). cit., p. 245.
* ][AUcK, op. cil., p. 291 S.
a Vila Si9rami , c. 8. 9 (]ABILLOIg: 2 o 8t¢¢, p. 435).

I4

Gaelic Pio.ne«rs of Christianity
certain Scot called Arnanus has been thought
worthy of record by his biographer, x
If we are to believe Dr. Bruno Krusch,
Mommelin. the successor of St. Eligius in the
see of Noyon, would appear to have adopted
even the Celtic tonsure. 2 Mommelin came from
Luxeuil, as did St. Valery of Leuconoë who
had known St. Columban. From the saine
place came also St. Orner and St. Bertin,
disciples of Eustasius. Columban's successor.
It was through these missionary monks that
Irish monastic traditions were planted in
northern Gaul. It was, moreover, from Luxeuil
that Bathild, wife of Clovis II (639-657), ob-
tained the first abbot for the abbey of Corbie

 Vta Desiderii, ed. BR. KRUSCtt {MG. Script. rer. l'leror.,
IV, 550).
 If is the reproduction of a. portrait of S. Mommelin,
drawn in the twelfth century, :vhich makes him think so
Boll., XXII, 1903, p. 109) ancies it is  risky deduction.
On the other hand, I. L. VAN DEIt ESSEN (Etude critique
et l{ttéraire sr les V itae des saints érov{nliens de l'aciemtc
Be/9-/que (Louvain and Paris, 1907, la. 375, n. 3) takJng
stand on the explanations subsequently given by
Kruscb, adops that crific's point o view.--In addition,
see the article Tosur in the Reatenc9ctolagidie f. protest.
Theot. u. Kirche, XIX. 1907. p. 839.

Gaelic Pioncers oi Christianity
which she had built, 1 and it was from the
double monastery of Jouarre that she fetched
the first abbess for the nuns of Chelles. 

 Vita Balthildis, c. 7, ed. BR. KltrscH. p. 490.
 Ibid., c. 8, p. 492.--In out' opinion, $he foliowing lines
arc the most accurate tha have been written on the share
the Irish took in the development, of double monasteries :
'" Wherevcr the Apostles of Irish monasticism went, this
form o[ organisation followed--not, because it was one
which originated x-ith and peculiarly belonged to the
Irish--but because it could lire only in the pures spiritual
atmosphere " (MARY BATESOI, Orig{! and Early Histoj
of dottble mortasteries, in the Trettsa«'tione of lire Royal Hi*t.
Soc., XIII, 899, p. 197).

16

ll.--St. Fursa and the 'Peregrini
Minores '

HE last-mentioned foundations had not
yet been laid when an Irishman,
who had for several years already
wandered " for the Lord " in Great Britain,
came to establish himself on the banks of
the Marne at Lagny.  This individual was
St. Fursa. Tlae relations between Fursa
and Clovis II, and with the Mayor of the
Palace Erchinoald, 2 by whom Bathild was
saved from slavery, Ferrait it to be SUFFosed
that the Flous queen and the Irish monk were
known to one another. Doubtless it was the
renown and examFle of St. Columban and the
prosperity of the monastic colonies of the Brie
whicla had drawn Fursa to those Farts. His
career there was hot a long one; he died

1Lkgny (Lainiacum), arrondis, of .Ieaux, Seine-et-
Marne.--On the chronology of S. Fursa, see the notes of
CH. PLV to his edition of the Eccles. Hit. of Bede (II,
p. 173). lurs probably arrived in Great Britain after 631,
and left for Gaul between 640 and {}44.
 "IEDE, Evcl. Hist.. III, 19 (PIa, XCV, 148-149).

Gaclic Pioneers of Christianity
in the village of Macerias, now Frohen:'
leaving the imagination of his contemporaries
struck by the recitals that were ruade of
his wonderful visions. * By order of Erchinoald
his remains were borne to Péronne between
64 and 652.
Although he did not display an activity conl-
parable with that of St. Columban, nevertheless
his naine deserves to be put in relief in the tale
of Irish migrations, for his tomb was piously
visited by his relatives and countrymen who, be-
side it, founded the first monastery for the ex-
clusive use of the Scottf to be found on the
continent: P«rrona Scottorum.  At least until
774 the successive abbots wcre all Irishmcn. To
Foillan, Fursa's eldcr brothcr, who arrived in
Gaul beforc 65z, 4 succcedcd his younger brother

1 Frohen. tant. of ]3ernaville, Somme.
$ BEDE. Eccl. Hist., ibid. 145 s.
 Sec TIAUBE, Perrolla Scottorum (Sit,.logsberiehte
philo.-philol, und hist. Classe der k. bay. Akad. der W.iss-
e»ch, zu Mi»ch¢n, 1900, p. 469-588), reprinted
Traube's Vl¢ogen tnd Abhandh«ngen, Mfinchen, 1920.
III, p. 95-118.
 Foillan was inted to Belgium by Itta, the mother of
St. Gertrude of ivees, and she gave ]tire the land on
which was raised the monastcry of Fosses. Einhard, in
x8

Gaelic Pionccrs of Christianitv
Ultan, and to Ultan succeeded Cellanus (t 706),
a personage long forgotten, but whom Traube
bas skilfully restored to the light of day. Per-
haps this rnonastery remained in Irish hands
until its destruction by the Northmen in 88o.
The Four Masters mention, under the year
774, the death of Moenan, abb. cat(h)rach Fursa
isin Frainc (i.e., abbas civi[atis Fur«ci in
Francia). 
The names are mentioned of several other
travelling companions of St. Columban or of
St. Fursa, hermits, cenobites, miss;onaries, who
would alpear to bave spread themselves through-
out the north in Merovingian rimes ; for in-
stance, Chaidoc and Fricor, who converted St.
Riquier; Algeis, Corbican, Mauguille, Gobain,
etc.; but their acts are hOt trustworthy, and it
is hard to make out what they really didY

the ninth century, calls Fosses " Monasterium Scottoruna "
{Translat. ,FS. 21arcellini et lctri, IX, 86 {Boll., June,
I, 98 f.).
 Annals of le Folcr dlasters, ed. O'Doov'% I, p. 878-
379.--Cf. ŒEIAUBE, 00. cit., p. 482, 488-480.
2MAlt(}AltET STOKES set herself to note flown every
trace left by these saints in witten document, naonunaent,
and popular tradition. See Thrce 3lonlhs in lhe forests of
France in search of Vestiges of Irish Saits, I,ondon.. 1895.
9

Gaelic Pionçers of Christianity
The Irislx lxad, moreover, Fenetrated even
before the year 8oo into many other regions of
continental Europe, both near and far distant
from these earlier zones of their influence.
Already in the seventlx century they are to be
round disseminated througlxout Belgium. Rom-
bault evangelized the people of Mechlin, Livin
the people of Ghent, where he was martyred. 1
Celestine became abbot of Saint-Peter of Mount
131andin in Ghent, at the close of the seventh
century. = In the Argonne, Rodingus iounded
13eaulieu. 3 Disibod built, between Trèves and
Mainz, near tle confluence of the 1N'ahe and the
Glan, the monastery of Disibodenberg,  where,
rive centuries later, St. Hildegard, the Sybil of
the Rhine, was to begin ber training for the
rdigious lire. St. Kilian carried the Gospel
into Franconia, and died at Wurzburg, about

t See NICHOLS V.IULtvS, Dc propagalio»te fiàei ehris-
tianae ia Belgio er sawtos roe Hibern riros, vauii,
1089. The memoir on the Rranffélisation de la Gaule
Belgique ar les missiomaies irlanda, whieh apared
in the Congrès scient-ifiques de Fae {Arras, 1858-1854,
II. p. 256 s.), is hot very satisactory.
 Fundatio monasl. Bndni6sis (3IG. pl. XV, 2,
028).
a UCK, op. cit., p. 808.
« lbld., p. 80 L
20

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
689, a victim to his apostolic zeal.' The
monasteries of Honau, on an island of the
Rhine near Strasburg,  and Altomiinster, in ttle
diocese of Freising, likewise owe their origin to
two Iristl monks, Tuban and Alto2 Virgil the
Geometer, abbot of Aghaboe in Ireland, volun-
tarily exiled himself " for the love of Christ,"
and lived in the monastery of Saint Peter at
Salzburg of which he became abbot, l Virgil
had some quarrels wittl St. Boniface reslzecting
his opinions on baptism  and tlis cosmological
theories, which were very far in advance of the

1 The acts of St. Kilian have been closely studied by
FI%.Nz EbEkLEIICH (D" hl. K.iHan, Rcglonarb.ischof und
Martyrer hislorisch-kritisch dargestellt, Wiix.zburg,
and by S. RIEZLER DieVitt Kiliani {Neues Archiv, XXVIII,
1902, p. 232-234}. The latter declares that St. Kilian's
martyrdom cannot be called in question.
 EtAUCK, op. cit., p. 305 ; cf. W.
the Roy. Irish Academy, VI, 1853-1857, p. 452-461}. The
isle of Etonau no longer exists.
 V.ita Altons, c. 7 {MG. Script., XV, 2, p.
op. cit., p. 541.
 The authorstaip of the book of the confraternitics of
ttais abbey is t.tributed to him. Cf. Libri coq,f rat., p. 27,
MG. Necrologht, II, p. 6-44. On Virgil see :
St. Virgl the Geometre (Ecclesiastical Review, LXIII. ] 920,
« DO.N'IFAC'E. EI)O. 68 (MG, Ep4oL, III, 886).

Gaelic Pioncers of Christianity
knowledge of that leriod. 1 In 745, being still
only abbot-priest of Saint Peter, he took over
the government of the diocese of Salzburg, the
eliScolal functions being performed by his
fellow-countryman bishop Dobdagrec. It was
onlv in 767 that Virgil himse!l: received eliSColal
consecration. 
Gaul also chose more than one bishop from
among these strangers. In 744, Pilin the Short,
on the advice of St. Boniface, the reformer of
the Christian West, called to the government
of the metrololitan church of Rheims the Irish
Abel, a choice which Polie Zachary hastened
to confirm2
The Celtic islanders penetratecl even 1nto the

 ]3ONF.kCE, /p. 80.--On this interesting question
see : PH. (}ILBEI%T, Le ape Zacharie e es anipodes
(Rev des ques, scieiiflqucs, XII, 1882, 478-503;
KBBO, Bischof Viit u.. sHne kooenoto 9. lde (MiiL
d. l»iiiuts f. Oesierr. Gcschichtsforschung, XXIV, 1-28);
I. . JAs, in Cambridge ledi. Histor, III,
513 ; H. r.çN DE LINDEN, Vr9ile de alzbourff et les
thories cosmoçraphiques au huitième siècle (Eul. de la cl.
des lettres de l' Acad. roy. de Eelçique 191, p. 163-187).
 WH. LEvsoN, Die lren nd dle Frnkische Kiwhe
(Htorische Zeithrifl, CI, 1912,
 FoLcu, Gesla abb. Lobiensittm, e. 5 s. (MG,
IV, 58}.:ucK, op. cit., p. 5t8, 567.
22

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
regions beyond the Loire. We bave already
mentioned Arnanus, the friend of St. Didier
Cahors. The bishop of Poitiers, Ansoald, gave
shelter to another Irlshman called Romanus,
who lived at Mazerolles in the bishop's territorv.
Still more remarkable, the bishopric of Angou-
lëme was twice, and at an intcrval of two cen-
turies, governed by the Scotig«nae Tomianus,
about 665, " and Helias ( 87_). 3

' Mazerolles, cant. of Lussac-lcs-Ch'teaux, Vieme.
See the testament of Ansoald in PARDESSUS, Diplo»., II,
p. 239. To be consulted : Noueclle Ret,. d'hist, du droit,
terty-second year, p. 789 and Rev(e cdfhluc, XX, 1899,
p. 106.--Note that it was Dido, ]3ishop of Poitiers, who,
it 656, had led into Ircland
(Liber Hst. Franc., IV, 3, ed. Ka:scIt, MG, Script. ter.
Merov., II, p. 316).
' D'ARBOIS DE L'BAINVILLE, il Rc;Ite celt., XX, p. 105-
106.
 Adcmari Historiarium Iibcr III (MG, Script. IV, 119,
122.--In  sacramewtry of the church of Yngoulëme
(B.N.f. lat. 816} dating from the seventh to ninth centuries,
one may read a note of the eleventh century on the margin
of folio 1-$6 : '" Helias scotigena sic facieba (L. DELISLE,
Méro. s. d'anc, sacramentaires, p. 9 ; reprirted from
Mémoires de l'Acad, des lnscrip, et Belles-ldtres, XXXII,
1st, part, 1886).

III.__Wandering Bishops, Clerics
and Monks

UTSIDE the ranks of these peregrini,
who had been faised to the episcopate
by the esteem of continental ecclesi-
astical authority, there rnoved through Gerrnany
and Gaul a good nurnber of episcopi vagantes,
already invested with the episcopal dignity be-
fore leaving their own country, or at least pre-
tending that such was the case, but who, never
having been wedded to a diocese, t ceaselessly
wandered about, exercising the funcùons which
they held by right of consecration, without
authority from any ordinary, and disturbing
consciences, not yet well confirrned in the faith,
by ail kinds of hazardous or heretical dis-

1 Prof. J. 13. Bury has proved that diocesan bishops
existed in Ireland from the rime of St. Patrick (CL Saint-
Patrick, p. 180 and 375 s.); but, side by side with the
episcopi paruchiales, there were monastic bishops ; eœch
important, monastery possessed its own bishop (it thus
more easily ireed itself irom diocesan jurisdiction).
Monasteries rapidly increasing, if iollowed that bishoçs
icœe6ed also " like files " (op. cit., p. 181).

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
courses. 1 St. Boniface, in the course of lais
missions, met more than one adventurer of
this type whom he did hot hesitate to have
condemned by the councils and the Holy 8ee. 
Such was bishop Clemens, genere Scottus, who,
on his own account, rejected clerical celibacy,
the treatises of Saints Jerome, Augustine and
Gregory, and the laws of the councils, incul-
cated Judaic practices to the Austrasian peo-
pies, and taught that Christ descending into
hell released ail those who were there confined,
both good and bad.  Such another was one
Samson xvho taught the uselessness of baptism
for salvation. «
In order to put a stop to these disturbers,
the first Germanic general council, held in April
74 z at St. Boniface's instigation, but in what
place is hot known, began by decreeing that
unknown bishops and priests should hot be

x Consult on the episcopi vagantes: BRuo KuscH, in
b*tes Archiv (XXV, p. 138 s.} and his preIaces in the
cript. . Ierov., IV, p. 648-649, 691 s.
 G. Kv, 8. Bo«dface, p. 98 s.
 ONIF., Ep. 57, 59, 60.G. KLTH, 0p. C{t., p. 88 S.;
.«UCK, op. ci., p. 557.
 BON., Ep., 80. Cf. G. KURTH. p. 146.
z5

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianit"
allowed to exercise the sacred ministrv until
they had been examined in council.  The
Council of Soissons (744) further enacted that
the said strolling bishops and priests should
obtain the approval of the bishop of the dio-
cese.  The Councils of Ver (755),  of Mainz
(813), 4 and of Tours (813)  issued still further
edicts against them. The twenty-second canon
of Mainz describes these nomads as " acîphali
... hipl)ocentauris similîs, nec equi nec ho-
mines" and threatens them with excommuni-
cation and prison.
Although the Irish are not mentioned in
these texts, there can be no doubt that it is
against them they are principally aimed. «
Moreover, the forty-third canon of the second
Council of Chalon-sur-Saône (813) expressly
names them: "There are in certain places

 CoNc. GERIICUI, can. 4 (3Lst, XII, 367).
 CONC. SUESSIONENSE, Can. 5. Cf. E. VYKOUL, Les
'amens du clergé parosl à l'époque carolingime (Rev.
d'hist, eccl., XIV, 1913, 8-85).
a CONC. VERNENSE, can. 13 (MANsI, XII, 583).
 CONC. 3[OeUNTIACUI, Can. 22 (3LNsI, XIV, 71).
« CONC. TLONENSE III, can. 13 (3[ANSI, ibid., 85).
 ED. BIHOP, 6'paniM Symptoms (Jornal of l'he-
logical Slmlics, VIII= 1907: p. 285),

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
Scotti who pass themselves off as bishops and
confer sacred orders; these ordinations are
void, and all the more so since frequently thev
are tainted by simony."  A capitula13,, dated
September 83, which recapitulates ail the
measures taken by preceding councils, bids
every bishop to investigate if there be not
some of these foreign clerics in his diocese, in

' CONC. ÇAIIILONENSE lI, can. 43 (M.kNSI, XIV, 102).
The sod of Celchyth (Chelsea
cluded by ame also the ScotIi from sacred funcIio, and
pronoued agait them a still m,,rc vigorous ostracism :
"" Quinto interdictum est : ci nullus pcrmittatur de ffecrc
Scorum lt alicltjUS dioecesi sacrum si nintcrium
.usurpare, ueque et co.nsetire lict ex cro ordine aliquo
attingere, vel ab cis accipcre in baptismo, aut in cebrationv
msarum, vel clm Eucharisthtm opulo pebcre, quia
iwcrtum esl nobis, ltde, et a ab aliquo ordinetur. Scinus
quomodo in camnus praecipihtr,
prcsbyterorum invadere temptaveril alius parochian, tisi cun
consensu proprie (sic} epispi. Tanto lmgis CSpltenthtm
est ab alicnis
qulbus nullus ordo netmpolitanis, itec honor oliis habeatur "'
(Can. 5 : HADD.X d SBBS, Cottnci, III, 581}. lrish
pseudo-bishops were stiH present i Egland i the last
quarter
following psage which occurs in a letter writte, about
1178, by Richard. .chbishop of Cterbury, fo his
st,ragans : " Sttnt et diebtts .isti8 quidom pseudoepiscopl
Hiberniescs, altt scot.cac linguoe sinulanl barbariem, cure
,« nullo intposilion -manus acceperi'lt, el,cpallv
udm bti.slra,tl.

27

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
which case he must send them home. 1 Charles
the Great, himself, had ordered the expulsion
of an Irish Friest about 795. The priest in
question had caused scandal in the diocese of
Cologne by eating meat in Lent. But, inas-
much as it had not been possible to try the
culprit on the spot, for want of sufficient evi-
dence, the future emperor took the course of
sending him to Offa, King of 1Hercia, who was
invited to undertake to fonvard him to Ireland
in order that he might be tried by his own
bishop. 2
Just as much as Charles showed himself
severe to foreigners »vhose conduct was blame-
worthy did he endeavour to protect those
who from praiseworthy motives moved about
or settled in his dominions. The Scottic monks
of Honau having been deprived of a part of
their property, Charles compelled the plunderers
to restore without delay all they had seized;
for the damage is done to the king when those
under his protection are hurt (quia res pere-
grinorum 1)roi)rie sut r«gis), and he adds in the

 Cailul. Aqu9anense, Ezcerpt,
XCVII, 364; MO, Capilul., I, 174).

Cono.. .'2.3

Gaelic Pioneers of Christi«nity
saine decree, dated 772-774 : « Si quis eorum
hoc non fecerit, recognoscat se regis Iraeceptum
non obaudire : quia rcges Francorum libertatem
dederunt omnibus Ieregrinis Scotorum, ut nullus
raIiat aliquid de rebus eorum, nec ulla generatio
Iraeter eorum gcncrationem Iossideat ecclesias
eorun." i Einhard, his biographer, tells us that
he loved the pcregrini, and welcomed them vith
such kindness that soon their numbers en-
cumbered the palace, and even became a tax
on the country.  It is certain that to the
influence of the emperor is due the sixth canon
of the Council of Tours, in 813, which compels
bishops to receive at their table foreigners and
the poor.  In the writings of the period can
be detected traces of weariness, perhaps even
of jealousy, felt by his subjects for the marked
favour the monarch showed these strangers. 

 IG, Diolon. I£aroli I, ed E. IvLB.C[R, 1906, r.
77, p. 111.
" Am«bat ereçriltoe et in s susciids maçnam
bebat tram, adeo t lu»ue eorttm multitudo non
on,osa " {EHD, .i Karol agni, 21 ; IG, St.
II, 455).
» Coc. Tos III, tan. 6 (Mst, XIV, 8).
 E, Vita Kar., loc. cit.--" Venir te Britto vel
Sto (8c) ad .illltm alltm Brittcm, ui intua iacct. 0
z9

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
To protect the missionaries, monks, and earnest
pilgrims, and to attract men of learning, such
appears to bave been the twofold design of
Charles and his successors in their regard.

IV.--Pilgrims and Sham Pilgrims
HE close ries uniting the Carolingian
dynasty with the Holy See resulted in
making easier and popular the pilgrim-
age to Rome. Although the insular percgrini
were far from being pilgrims in the ordinary
sense of that word, as we bave already pointed
out, nevertheless there were hot xvanting among
them persons whose movements were governed,
either from the very start or by chance, by a
desire to visit some particular shrine. We knoxv
that Saint-Gall, Bobbio and Péronne, after the
death of their founders, attracted many of their
countrymen.
Cadroë, in the tenth century, began his
wanderings by a visit to the tomb of St. Fursa. 1
Narianus Scottus elected to be ordained priest
in the basilica of St. Kilian at Wurzburg. 2 But
naturally it was the limina Apostolorum which
formed the greatest attraction to the pious
fancies of the inhabitants of the isles. It is

 Vita K«droe, 19 (Boll., I. p. 476).
*MAR. SCOT., ('ttt'o}.co. a(l on.
CXLVI I, 786).

1081 [;rx] (PL,

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
related that St. Molua, xvho died about 6o9,
wishing to perform a pilgrimage to the tomb of
the Apostles, came to ask leave of absence
from lais toaster, St. Moedoc. When the latter
urged the dilîïculties in the way, the applicant
appears to bave forcibly expressed the warmth
of his desire in the words: "Nisi vidîro
Romain, cito moriar." i Thus Rome was fre-
quently visited by Irish pilgrims ; but their
neighbours, the Anglo-Saxons, shoved even
still greater eagerness to enter the Eternal City.
It is surprising to note with what enthusiasm
and in what numbers English kings, priests,
nuns and monks carried out this long pil-
grimage. 3
The letters of St. Boniface and of the Em-
peror Charles give instructive details as to the
habits of pilgrims and sham pilgrims in their
day. It would happen that traders would join

' Acta 8anct. Hib. ex cod. Salin., col. 480.
 Vita Agili, 24 (MABILLON, 2o saec., p. 824); Vita
Kiliani, 8 (id., p. 992) ; Vita Findani, c. 7.
 If was coidered worthy of record in ¢he conicles
if a year passed thout couca¢ion between Englnd
and Rome (W.D.D. CuNe, The Cowth of Engl@h
ndust a crce dung the early and m iddle oges,
Cambridge, 1905, I, p. 85).

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
the pious bands in order to benefit by the ex-
emption from tolls granted to Filgrims; but
this was not the worst offence committed.
The Apostle of Germany, writing to the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury, implores him to restrain
his flock, and nuns in particular, from an im-
moderate loassion for œeilgrimages. He points
out the drawbacks ; he even calls attention to
the grave disorders so-called pilgrims of the
weaker sex had committed in many of the
cities of France and Italy.  Furthermore a
council in 8I 3 disaloloroved of loilgrimages to
Tours and Rome undertaken by clerics or lay-
men for superstitious or profane reasons. 
Doubtless it was the exloerience of the material
and moral dangers incurred on œeilgrimages that
insœeired those verses tinged with sadness which
an Irish hand bas traced on a MS. folio of the
ninth century : " To go to Rome, much labour,
little profit : the King whom thou seekest there,
unless thou bring him with thee, thou findest
him hot. Much folly, much frenzy, much loss

I CAROL. 1[., Ep. 7 (PL. XCVIII. 907).--Cf. Conc.
Mogunt. 753, c. b (MANSI, XII. 572).
MG, Epist.. III, 354 s.

Gaelic Pioneers oI tslarlstlanlty
of sense, much madness [is it], since going to
death is certain, to be under the displeasure of
Mary's Son." 1

t The two quatrains in old Irish are in the Coàex Boer-
nerianus (A, 145, t}) of the Library of Dresden, con-
taining t.he epistles of St. Paul in Greek with the Latin
interlined,  ]IS. written by an Irish scribe of the ninth
century. These verses bave been translated and published
by J. H. BERNARD (Irish Liber Hymnorum, II, p. 191)and
HITLEY STOKES and JoHN STR.çoEAN {Thesaurus P«tl«teo-
hibernicus, Cmbridge, 1908, II, p. 29t}} ; cf. SERIVNER,
lntroduc, fo the critcism of the New Teslarnent, 4th ed., I,
p. 180. To see the point of the second quatrain one must
know that in old Irish " teicht do tloim " {to go to tlome},
was an expression capable of being used as the eqativalent
of teicht do écaib, " fo go to doath, to die." lqerein lies
the connection between the two verses {D'.RBOI8 DE
UBAINVILLE, in Rer. celt., XII, 1891, p. 154).

V.--Some Reasons for the Irish
Missionary Exodus
O judge from the extraordinary number
of emigrant clerics and monks one
might suppose that the disciplinary
regulations dealing with clerical or monastic
stability were less solidly established in Ireland
than on the continent. Such was not the case.
The canons and religious rules are at one there
as well as elsewhere in condemning the unsteady
and the gadder. A synod, attributed to the
rime of St. Patrick, says: " First it is one's
own country one must teach after the example
of the Saviour ; only in case it refuses to learn
is it allovable to abandon it after the example
of the Apostle." x In vhat way did the people
of Ireland give an excuse for the application of
this alternative ? That is a naatter into which
we shall look later. The canonical collection
known under the naine of Hibern«nsis contains
a canon, also purporting to be of Patrician

 HADDAN and STIYBBS, Coz{.cil8 a;d eccL docu;, rclot-i;q
o Greot Erifo; ,u! [relod, II. par. 2. p.

Gaclic Pioneers of Christianity
origin, thus worded : " Patricius ait : nonachus
inconsulto abbate vagus ambulans in Jd«be d«bet
excommunicari." x Furthermore, the rules of
St. Ailbe of Emly (î-c. 54 o) 2 and of St. Colum-
ban (65) 8 are formal as to the necessity of
enclosure for monks. St. Maelruain (792) and
the »vise men of Ireland, consulted as to the
emigration movement which, in the eighth
century, drew such numbers o5 religious out
of their country, disapproved of it. « Neverthe-
less, the great number of monks in Ireland,
examples such as those o5 Columban, Fursa, and
Kifian, a real call to apostleslfip, a summons to
a higher grade in ascetic lire, the pagans o5
Gaul and Germany to be converted, the ig-
norant to be instructed are hot these fit motives
to ]ustify the distant enterprises o5 these tire-

1 WASSEISCHLEBEN, Die lrische Kanonensammlung, Leip-
zig, 1885, lib. xxxix, c. il, p. 151.
 The Rule of ,ff. Ailbe of Edy, ed. 50SEPH O'NEI,
str. 33, 48, 52, in Êriu : The Jo.url of lhe school of Irh
Learning Dublin, III, p. 105 and 109.
 " 3lortificatiot itur tripl est ratio . . . [teriio] non
re quoam absolute " (g. Columba»ti, IX ; PL, LXXX,
26).
 CI. W. EES, Tbe Cuees of tbe Brith IsM,
Dublin, 1864, p. 9 ; E. $. GwyNN and W. $. PURTON, The
onstery of Tlght {Proce. of the R. [. Acd.. XXIX.
sect. C., 191]. p. 183).

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
less travellers, enterprises of vhich the results,
in spite of the losses inevitable to all collective
and prolonged works, remain a lasting glory to
their country and their faith ? In addition we
must hot forger that the Danish invasions,
which gave all Ireland over to tire and blood
for a period of tvo hundred years, greatly con-
tributed to hasten the flow of emigration. It
was about 795 that the Vikings ruade their
first appearance on the Irish shores.  At first
they sacked the monasteries established on the
isles and along the northern and eastern coasts
of Ireland. Iona,  Bangor, Moville  were the
first to be attacked and were plundered on
several occasions.
Armagh, the religious capital of Ireland, vas
pillaged three rimes in one year b¥ the Nor-
wegian clfief Turgesius and was seized in 83z. 
Forannan, the Coarb of St. Patrick, was coin-

The war of the Gaedhil with lb Gaill, ed. . H. TODD
(Rer. Britan. medii aevi scriptores), London, 1867, p. xxxii-
xxxiii. Cf. H. . LAWLOI, in his edition of The Pslter and
lartyvoIogy of Ricemarch (Hcnry Brdshw Society),
Lon4on, 1914, I, p. x.
The war of the Gaedhil zcitb the Gaill, p. xxxv.
Ibid., p. 7.
Ibid., p. 9, 15 ; cf. STOKES and LAWLOR, Ireland and the
Celtic Church, 6th edition, London, 1907, p. 259 8.

37

Gaelic Pioners of Christianity
pelled to flee bearing with him the venerated
shrine of the national aposde. In spite of the
resistance encountered in several places, the
enemy soon invaded the island from the south
and west ; they pressed in on ail sides, ascend-
ing the rivers in their ships and mooring in the
lakes of the interior, vhence they ravaged at
their will churches and monasteries. They cap-
tured or slaughtered the monks, carried off the
relics, and flung the reliquaries and books into
the water. 1 The great literary centres, Clonard,
Clonfert, and Clonmacnois, the pride of learned
Ireland, were ruined. The numerous foreign
students, who had been attracted to these seats
of learning, regained as best they could their
own countries; the forsaken masters, unable
to lire any longer by their great knowledge in
the disordered island, also crossed the seas in
great numbers, bearing vith them as their only
baggage their most valued manuscripts. 

 Ibid., p. 13, 139, etc. ; cL E. O'CuRRY, Lectures oit
the nauuscript ]tIatertda of alcient Histor!l Irish, Dublin,
1861, p. 5.
 CL The A*dlphonary of Ba»gor, ed. WARREN, I. p. xii,
. ZE, Celtic Churcb n Britain ad Iteland {tral.
A. 3leyer), London, 1902, p. 92.; . ZI»IR, Nes Archiv,
XVII, p. 210-211 ; . TRACBE, O Boma 'obilis (Abhad-
lu9en der baller. Akademie, I CI., XIX, p. 373).
38

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
This abandonment of their country by the
learned Irish, when their help might bave been
ot: use in combating either materially or morally
the invader, might lead to the belieI, as New-
man remarks in his essay on he Danes and
the Northmen in England and Ircland, 1 in a
weakening of patriotism or a lessening of
Christian charity. Nevertheless, observes this
author, is it believable that the rate of their
countrymen can bave been indifferent to most
of these emigrants of the ninth and tenth
centuries, whose own lire was one of complete
self-sacrifice and holiness ? Was it hOt rather
that they themselves were treated with in-
difference by their fellow-countrylnen ? In sup-
port of this last supposition, Newman cites a
passage in the Life of St. Malachy wherein St.
Bernard speaks of the Irish as barbarians. " It
would appear that there had been between
the cultured few and the great mass of the
population such a mental disproportion as

 . H. NEWLN, Historical Skctclles. London, 1896, III,
p. 280 s.
* See  discussion of St. Bern,rd's testimony in St.
Bern«trà's Li]e of St. Malachy b)- H. J. L.WLOR, London,
1920, p. 161-163.

39

(;aclic Pioncers of Christinnity
rendered impossible any cohesion in view of
a common effort amid the general collapse of
everything. Nearer to the events than St.
Bernard, and better acquainted with Ireland,
Alcuin, who does hOt rail to extol the doctissimi
magistri of that country, 1 bas no hesitation in
also describing the mass of the nation as verv
barbarous (perbarbara).  Again, a document en-
titled the Collofuy of thc î'wo Sages, having
the appearance of a prophecy, but which, in
reality, was drawn up subsequently to the
height of the Danish invasions (it is of the
tenth century) explains in its own fashion the
trouble caused in the ranks of studious society
by the coming of the invader by foretelling that
in those days " disciples would no longer stand
up respectfully in the presence of their masters." 
We must also add, if we are to believe the Four
Masters, that, towards 845 , bands of Irish robbers
were formed in the island, now given up to
anarchy, who rivalled the Vikings in cunning
and vandalism. «

' _tLCUIN, .'p. 280 (MG, Epist., iv, 487).
: _.tLCUI.N, Ep. 287 (OE., p. 446).
a The Colloq«y of the two ,Sages, ed. rHITLEY STOKES
(Rev. celt., XXVI, 1905, p. 43).
« TH. OLDEN Chl'c]l oflreland, London, 1895, p. 172. On
40

Gaclic Piocers of (:hristianitv

Under these conditions, it vould seem that
the only issue which remained open was the
one indicated by the canon already quoted:
De relinquenda vcl docenda laatria : " de relin-
quenda postea, si non proficiet, juxta exemplum
Apostoli." Besides, the migration of the learned
Irish had started before the beginning of the
Danish incursions; but these events, on the
one hand, and the warm welcome, on the other,
that awaited them from the Carolingian princes,
gave it a further impulse.

the act of violence of every kind committed in Ireland
by the inhabitants, during the ninth and tenth centuries,
see the suggestive passages of the Annals inserted by W.
leeves in an appendix to his work, Prmate Collon's
1-'isitalion, Dublin, 1850, p. 94-95.

4

VI.--Ireland's ' Doctissimi Magistri'
Abroad

HROUGHOUT the bliddle Ages there
was probably not a more barbarous
period in Western Europe than the
hundred years whlch tan from 65o to 75 ° •
Classical and clerical studies had fallen into
utter decay. With very few exceptions, even
the best instructed laymen scarcely knew how
to read and write. The clergy, indifferently
skilled in Latin letters, despised the national
tongue which was in truth still undeveloped,
and were totally ignorant of Greek. A French
¢opyist, who was about that time transcribing
the Salic Law, mistook for Greek the famous
Malbergic glosses it contains, and which in
reality are words in the Frankish tongue. 1
Charles the Great realised the necessity there
was to improve this state of things. In order
to do so, he summoned foreign teachers to
Gaul: the Italians Peter of Pisa, Paulinus, and

 See the Bibliolhèque de l'Ecole des Charles, LX, 1899,
p. 09, n. 2.

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
Paul the Deacon, the Spaniard Claudius, the
Anglo-Saxons Alcuin, Sigewulf, Witto and Fridu-
gise. About the year 782 two Irishmen came
to complete this academical group ; one of
these was named Clemens (who is hot to be
confounded with the heretic of that naine);
the other, whose identification is more difficult,
was either one of the Dungals or Josephus
Scottus. The passage in thc Gesta Caroli l]lagni
describing the arrival of these two foreigners is
well known, x We will only recall its principal
features which are picturesque and well describe
the period and the persons with whom we are
dealing. The two Scotti land in company with
British traders. Their knowledge, both sacred
and profane, is soon perceived. They them-
8elves claim to be merchants ; they sell learning
to those who will buy it (si quis salaicntiae
cutffdus est, veniat ad nos ct accipiat eam).
When Charles hears of this, he hastens to bave
them brought to the palace, and then inquires
on what conditions they vill consent to let the
Frankish youths benefit by their learning.

i Gesta Karoli 2tlagni, I. i {3IG, Script. I, 731;
XCVIII, 1371-1373).

43

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
They do hot prove exacting, these men who
are xvithout the necessaries of lire; all they
require is food and shelter with the addition
of eager pupils (loca tantum pportuna et animos
ingeniosos, et sine quibus peregrinatio transigi
non potest, alimenta et quibus tegamur). $o
Clemens stays as professor to the school at
the palace. Charles being dead, Louis the
Pious maintains him in his duties. At the
last he withdraws from them only to go to
Wurzburg to die near the tomb of St. Kilian. 1
His companion was sent to Italy, xvhere he
taught in the monastery of Saint Augustine at
Pavia.
We shall hot here undertake to enumerate
ail the scholarly Irish who assisted in one way
or another the work of literary renovation
undertaken by the Carolingians. This has been
skilfully done by Professor W. Turner in a
paper called Irish q'eachers in tbe Carolingian
R«vival of Learning.  We shall content our-

a WILLIAt TUINEI, lrish Teachers in the Carolingian
levival of ZearMng, p. 91.
"- See TvEI, lrhsh Teachers, etc. ( The Catholic UniverMty
Bulletin, IFasMtgton, XIII, 1907, 282-399 and 562-581).
On ihe itttellecttml act.ivity of the Irish one may also con-

44

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
selves with recalling the names of the leaders of
this movement, and with pointing out the
centres from »vhich their influence principally
radiated.
Josephus Scottus, just mentioned as the pro-
bable companion of Clemens, was a friend and
disciple of Alcuin. 1 Poems of his addressed to
Alcuin and Charles the Great bave corne dovn
to us.  He also composed a commentary on
Isaias »vhich frequently appears in the cata-

$tl|t : 1 ° H. D'BOI$ DE
lëtude de la littrature celtique, Paris, 1883, p. 366-390 ;
2 ° V. SCt'ULTZE, Die Eededug der iroschottischen Mnche
fïr de Erhaltug und Fortpfla«g der mittelalterlichen
Wissenschaft {Centralblatt f. Bibliotekswesen, VI, 1889,
p. 185-198, 233-241, 281-298); 3 ° H. Z£d:ER, Ueber die
Bedeutung des irischen Elements Sïr die ittelllerliche
Cultur {Preussische Jahrbficher, LIX, 1885, p. 27-59).
This essay has been translated by J. E. EDIODS, The
lrish element in medieval culture, New York, 1891 ; 4 ° l.
IEAN, Les Cudes classiques au moyen âge pendant la
période carolingienne in Mélanges rcligieux et historiques,
laris, 1904, p. 257-281 ; 5 ° ]uNo ]IEYER, Learning
lreland ir the fiSth century and the transmission of Letters,
Dublin, 1913 ; 6 ° -. rENDRYES, Grammaire du vieil-
irlandais, laris, 1908, p. i-x ; 7 ° ]I. hIAIITIUS, Ge8chichte
der lateinischen Literatur dc8 Mittelalters, hliinchen, 1911,
I, p. 315 s. et pa88im.
1ALCULN, Epistolae {MG, Ept., IV, p. 32. 33, 40, 119,
483).
 MG. Poet. Lat. eri Crol., L

45

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
logues of mediaeval libraries. 1 But it does hot
appear that his influence »vas considerable.
The Dungals (for it is now pretty certain that
several persons of that naine were in France
and in Italy under Charles and his successors) 
are more celebrated. Traube differentiates rive
individuals of the naine, all Irishmen. One,
known to us through Alcuin, was a bishop;
another, questioned by the emperor about the
alleged double eclipse of the sun in the year
8IO, replies in a dissertation which is more re-
markable for its latinity than for its scientific
merits. He also appears to bave had great
need to barrer his knowledge for that without
which peregrinatio transigi non potest, for he is
constantly pleading poverty. He is with some
probability thought to bave been the recluse
of Saint-Denis, and also the person calling
himself Hibernicus exul in some verses addressed

 There existed copies of this work af Corbie, Lorsch,
and Saint-Gall: cf. G. BECKER, Catalogi bibliolhecarum
an[iqui, Bonn, 1885 {See the index}. See also MIo
ESPOSTO, A Bibliography of [he La[in Wri[ers of Mediaeval
Ireland {Sludics, II, 1913, p. 502-503}.
2 L. TR.kUBE, 0 Roma nobilis, l.c., p. 332 s.; KL
STECKER, Ein euer Dngal ? (Zeit. f. rorn. Philolo9e
6

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
to the Emperor. 1 A third Dungal was called
by Lothaire to undertake in 825 the direction
of the school of Pavia. It was he who opposed
Claudius of Turin, who rcjected the veneration
of relics and images. The fourth Dungal is
more shadowy ; it is just known that he was a
poet. A fifth Dungal seems to bave been the
one who presented his library to the monastery
of Bobbio in the eleventh century. 2
Amont the benefactors of the learned, but
necessitous Dungal, who withdrew to Saint-
Denis figures Hildoard, t3ishop of Cambrai,
(79o-816). 3 Cambrai appears to bave been, at
the close of the eighth and the beginning of
the ninth centuries, one of the favourite meeting-
places of the Scotti. The bishops availed of
their presence there to bave executed several
works of compilation and calligraphy which
rime bas preserxred for us. In this manner were
transcribed for Alberic (T79 o) the canons of

 Poet. Lat. aet, i Car., I, 396 s.
 Cf. GOTTLIEB in Cettr«lblatt f. Bibliothekswesen, IV,
443.
 Poet. Lat. aevi Car., I, p. 411. The letter in which
Dungal ab epi8copo quodam mtbsidhtm petit, c. 800-814
(Ep. 2. 3IG, Epist., IV, p. 578), was, perhaps, also addressed
ildoar.

47

Gaelic Pioncers ot Chrlstlamtv
the Hibernensis contained in the Codex camera-
censis, Nf. 69, the most ancient manuscript
of that canonical collection. It also contains
a fragment of a curious sermon in the Irish
tongue. 1 It was under the episcopate of Hil-
doard and or his church that were written the
two sacramentaries (MSS. Nrs. I64 and I62-
I63) the writing and ornamentation of which,
in the judgment of Edmund Bishop, bear all
the marks of vorks from Scottic pens.  Finally,
the penitential composed for Hildoard's suc-
cessor, Halitgaire (87-83I), betrays a Celtic
influence which is certainly attributable to the
presence of Irishmen in that city. 3
Just as Cambrai; Rheims, Soissons, Laon,
and Liège had colonies o Scotti, and at the
saine time. Dunchad, at once a bishop and a
grammarian, taught polite literature in the

g H. WASSERSCHLEBEN, Die rische Kanonensammlung,
p. xxx; A. MOLXNmR, Catalogue gnral dcs bltqu
de France. Dpaemen, Paris, 1891, XVII, p. 257 s.;
WLY STOS and J. SACHN, Thesaurus Paeo-
herns, II, p. xxvi, 244-247.
a ED. BISHOP, in Jourl of Theologal Studios, IV,
1903, p. 414-415.
a PAUL FOVnNER, Etes r s péniftiels {R«w d'it,
d de litL rellgio«ses, VIII. 1903. p. 528 s.}.

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
rnonastery of Saint-Remi of Rheims. Among
his pupils, according to all appearances, he had
Remigius of Auxerre and Gottschalk. x Traube
also calls attention to a Latin poetry of a ver¥
unusual style »vhich, in the ninth century, »vas
in fashion in the province of Rheims, and which
looks as though imitated from Irish models. 
This saine scholar bas edited the ludicra of a
certain Irishman d»velling at that rime at
$oissons. 3 It »vas in this saine to»vn that
Heiric of Auxerre met a bishop named Mark,
natione Brito, but educated in Ireland, vho,
after a long and saintly episcopate, resolved to
go into exile (ultroneam sibi teregrinationcm
indixit), and »vas then living as an anchorite
in the monastery of Saint-Médard and Saint-
Sebastian. From the mouth of this old man
Heiric gathered details of the doings of St.
Germanus of Auxerre in Great Britain, »vhich
details he later incorporated in lis Miracula
Gcrmani. 

1 TRAUBE, in Neues Archiv., XVIII, p. 104 ; .I. EsPO$ITO,
op. cit., p. 508.
 MG, Poet. Lat. aevi Car., III, p. 710-711 (note).
 Ibid., p. 690.
 HEIRIC, Mirac. Germ«ni, I, 8 (PL, CXXIV, 1245} ;
Cf. L. TIRAUBE, MG, Poet. Let. aevi Cr.. III, p. 422.

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
But no town in this region was more at-
tractive to the Irish than Laon. The most
illustrious emigrant of the tirne, John 8cottus
Erigena, 1 stayed there either in the court of
Charles the Bald, who had norninated him to
the rnastership of the palace school, or drawn
there by the bishop of the town, his friend
Hincrnar the Younger, or his countrymen vho
were already established in the place. 2 No
foreigner, if we except Alcuin, exercised a
greater intellectual influence in Carolingian
France than John 8cottus. At once theologian,
grarnmarian, poet, he was held to be a toaster
in them all. Among his principal disciples
are reckoned Wicbald, who became bishop of
Auxerre, and two of his fellov-countrymen,
Elias, later one of the masters of Heiric of
Auxerre and bishop of Angoulême, and, pro-

 The author of the lire of St. Buo mentions John Erigena
aud Dungal the Theologian (thcologum eximium) among
the many Irish who were driven to cross the sea by the
fur}, of the Dane8 (from WE., The Antiph. of
I. p. xiii).
 L. Tl.ktr3E, in Noues _4rchiv., XVIII, p. 10.4 ; O Roma
rtobili,% l.c., p. 862-868 ; oeoet. Lat., p. 519, n.
Scottus, see 5[, ESPOSlTO, op. cil., p. 505 s.

50

Gadic Pioneers of Christianity
bably, Martin the Irishman (- 875 ), one of the
rnost learned representatives of the 8cottic
colony of Laon. 1 This Martin compiled a
Greco-Latin glossary which we still possess, =
and, like his reputed master, he wrote Greek
verse, s It is known that Erigena translated
into Latin the works of the pseudo-Denys the
Areopagite. The knowledge of Greek revealed
in this work filled with wonder Anastasius the
Librarian himself. He, on this occasion, wrote
to Charles the Bald: " Mirandum est quomodo
vit ille barbarus, in finibus mundi l)ositus, talia
intdlectu cal)ere in aliamque linguam transfcrre
valuerit." a Thanks to tlle Scotti, it became
the fashion to talk Grcek at Laon. Bishop
Hincmar attempted it; still better, he who,
according to his uncle Hincmar of Rheims, was

 L. 'rRAUBE, Poet. Lai., p. 519-520, n. 5 i fie ; p. 422,
r. 2 £n fie ; p. 523.
* It is Ms. ««4 of baon ; cf. Catal. çénér. des 2]las. des
bibl. ,bl. d ép.. Paris, 1849, I, p. 234. E. 5IIR in
Wotices et extraits des 2]las. de M Bi5l. nat. et aidres bibliofh.,
XXIX, 2nd. part, p. 1-230. Cf. L. GoUOAUD, Béptoie
des fac-similéa des Mss. rla*ldas (Revue celtqtw, XXXVIII,
1920, p.
 Poet. Lat., III, p. 696 s.
 ANASTA$IUS, Ep. 2 (PL, CXXIX. 739}.

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
ignorant of his own language prided himself on
speaking Irish. 
Sedulius Scottus reached the continent about
tlae saine rime as John Scottus Erigena. He
settled at Liège.  He was there retained
by bishop Hartgaire (84o-855) as professor
in the school of Saint-Lambert. In his
great poverty his teaching obtained for him
some resources ; moreover, he knew how, by
graceful and kindly verses, to interest in Iris
lot the most powerful personages of the rime,
such as bishops Hartgaire and Franco, Charles
the Bald, Lothair I and his wife Irmingard,
Louis the German and others. 3 He, too, was
acquainted with Greek, but in a lesser degree
than John Scottus. 4 Like him, however, he
was endowed with encyclopaedic knowledge.
Grammarian, he comments Eutyches, Donatus,

1 HINC.KLR, Opttsctdum LV capitulorum (SIRMOND,
Hincm. Op., II, p. 547).
s He arrived in this to between 840 and 851, accor
to H. PEE, Sédulus de Liège, in Mémoires couronnés et
autres mémoires publiés par l'Académie royale de Belgique,
XXXIII, 1882, p. 20.
 MG, Poet. Lat. aevi Carol., III, p. 180-183 ; 190-192 ;
187 ; 195 s., ee.
« S. HEL, Sedulius Scotlus, 5Ichen, 1906, p. 122.
52

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
Priscian a; philosopher, he explains the Isagoge
of Porphyry; expounder, he writes his Collec-
taneum in Epistolas Pauli"-; scribe, it is pro-
bable he has left us copies from his own hand
in the Greek Psalter (Nr. o[7 ) of the Arsenal
Library in Paris, 3 and in the Epistles of St.
Paul in Greek of the Cod«x Boerncrianus of the
Library of Dresden (Ms. A. 45 ) ; finally,
political writer, he composed or Lothair II
the De rectoribus christianis, a sort of royal
mirror.  In his poems he names several of
his countrymen and companions: Dermot,
Fergus, Blandus, Marcus, Benchell. Like him,

 M. EOGER, Le commentariolum in artem Eutychii de
,edulius ,cotlus (Revue de philologie, 1906 122-123) ; S.
IELI..MANN, 0j0. cit., p. 105 S ; M. ESPOSITO, 0p. Cit., p. 505.
" Cf. L. GOUG«UD, Les Chrétientés celtiques, p. 259.
3 IONTFAUCON, Paleo. 9racca, III, 7, p. 236. 1everthe-
less SA-UEr. BERER (Hist. de la Vulgate, p. 116) refuses to
believe that this Psalter was ruade by Sedulius of Liege.
Cf. L. GOUGAUD, Répertoire, p. 7.
« 0 Roma nobilis, p. 348. Cf. L. GOUGAUD, Répertoire,
p. 2.
 Published by MA! and later by :[ENN, I D. 19-21.
The poems which intersperse this work bave been pub-
lished by TRAUBE, Poet. Lat. II1, p. 154-166. Cf.
TIn«LLA, Das Augustinische Idealbild d. christl. Obrigkeil
als Quelle d. Ffirstenspiegel d. ,.qedulius ,.qcotfis v. Hincmor
cor Reims, Gvoisswald, 1916 (Dissert.).

5

Gaclic Pioneers of Christianity
they are grammarians, scholars, sages; some
are priests ; they ask only to gain a living by
their learning, for they are, as are all those
arriving from Ireland, very poor. a Under this
aspect they and others like them will specially
interest us a little later. For the present let
us seek to appreciate in a few lines the nature
and value of this Irish learning, of which we
have named the principal representatives in
foreign lands, and to show what effect it pro-
duced on their contemporaries.

t Poet. Latin., p. 168 :
• " Nos tumidus Boreas vastat--miserabil visu--
l)octos grammaticos presbiterosque pios ;

Fessis ergo favens, Hartg.ari floride praesul,
Sophos Scottig,.s suscipe corde pio."

VII.--The Knowledge of Greek in
Ireland During the Middle Ages
E nust guard against exaggeration
and anachronisms when treating o[
the mental culture of ancient Ire-
land. It bas been proved that from the intel-
lectual point of view the influence of St. Patrick
left no effect on the Irish Christian com-
munities. A century goes by, and, in the
period illustrated by vhat bas been called the
second order of Irish Saints, straightxvay arise
on ail sides monasteries which quickly become
centres at once of Fiety and science: Morille,
Clonmacnois, Clonfert, Clonard, Bangor. t What
instruction vas given in these cloisters ? What
was the extent or value of the lectures of a
Finnian of Clonard, of a Comgall of Bangor ?
This is vhat it is hard to decide, for the Fersonal

t L. GOUO.,,UD. L.ç ('brtiete. t.elliques, p. 7:1-78
21. .

Gaelic Pioneers ot C;hristianity
work of these masters bas hot reached us. 1
Judging by the writings of their disciples, and
for examFles let us take Columba of Iona  and
Columban of Luxeuil,  it is permissible to believe
that it was possible to acquire in Ireland,
about the sixth century, a thorough knowledge
of the Sacred Scriptures, some acquaintance
with the most celebrated Fathers of the West,
a latinity usually correct, ornamented with
abstract and rare words. Furthermore, some
profane authors of Rome were read,  and a
few acquired the art of writing Latin metrical
verse, s
This was enough to make Ireland appear
to the peop|e of the seventh and eighth cen-
turies as the privi|eged ark which prcqerved,

1 There remains to us only a penitential bearing the
naine of Finnian. Vasserschleben and O. Seebas identify
this Finnian with the [ounder of Clonard.
I The critics are ail agreed in attributing to him the
hymn Allus prosator. It bas been published by ERNARD
and ATKINSON, Irish ]Liber Hy»morm, I, p. 62 s. and in
Revue cellque, V, p. 205 s.
I Columban lins left a fuie, a penitentiel, leters and
poems which will be round in MIGIE, PL, LXXX.
« In Columban there are reminiscences of Persius, Virgil,
Ovid, Horace and Sallust ; in Cellanus and Adamnan of
Virgil.
« Columban bas left us hexameters and other verse.
5

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
amid universal barbarism, the deposit of sacred
learning and classical letters. Men then came
frorn the neighbouring countries, frorn Gaul
and Great Britain, to draw abundantly from
this store. 1 Are ve to go further and claim
that, even in those remote days, Greek vas
cultivated with honour in the island . This
is much more doubtful. It is true that we are
informed that Columba, Columban, Adalïanan
make use of Greek words, that Columba knew
Iona in Hebrew had the meaning of the Greek
«p,T«pd and of the Latin columba, that
Adamnan expresses the saine linguistic doc-
trine, 2 but do these supply evidence sutïacient
to enable us to atïarm that Greek and Hebrew
were currently taught at Iona and Bangor, and,
with still greater ternerity, that " all the lïaonks
who took part in the foundation of Luxeuil
knev Greek ? "  Assuredly hot. Or, because

1 Cadoc, Agilbert, Egbert, Willibrord, Aldfrid, Sulien,
etc.., studied in Ireland ; cf. PLUd:M:ER, Bedae ls[, op.,
II, p. 196-197 ; L. GOUGAUD, Chré[. celt., p. 251.
oe D'IktIBOIS DE ,UB_kINVlLLE, Cours de liftCature ccliquc,
I, p. P91. M. IOGER has very well unravelled ail these
questions in his fine work : L'e»seigliemen! des lettres
classiques d'Ausone à Alcuin, Paris, 190, p. 268 s.
SA. TOçG.kltD, L'hcllénisme au moyen âge Lcttres
chrétietlles, III, 19-. 233}.

Gaelic l'loneers oI GllrlStl'.nlty
the biographer of St. Patrick, Muirchu Maccu
Mactheni, who was living in 698, rnay have
borrowed from the ,4ntiquities of Flavius Jose-
phus, or may bave drawn inspiration from
Apollonius of Rhodes,  or because Cumrnian
quotes in his De controvcrsia paschali from a
work which has been attributed to St. Cyril,
does it follow that these writers were directly
acquainted with these Greek authors in the
original ?  The Greek words round in other
works and the Latin texts written in Greek
characters are hOt more convincing. Generally
in all this we must see onlv a pedantic and
purely verbal display, easilv obtained with the
help of glossaries, or else the mere fancies and
whims of pretentious or merrv scribes.
It bas been written that " the religious and
literary education of Ireland were two.parallel
and simultaneous facts."-" In truth the great

1WHITLEY STOKES, in Acodemy of 22 3Iarch, 1890,
p. °-07 ; Cf. Rev. celt., XI, p. 370 ; IOOER, op. cit.. p. 266.
 IOOEI, op. cit., p. 272. It is now kno»v tlmt Cummisn
borrowed his quotation from a Latin work on the Paschal
quest.ion falsely placed under the naine of St. Cvril (Cf.
DR. KRUSCIt. Studien ztr christlich-mittelall. Clroroloe,/ie.
p. 341 s).
 }[. PIuv:,xg..5"éàoli*., de Lèffc. I ». 9.

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
founclers of Irish schools were saints and their
scholars were monks. The word " sage," so
frequently employed in the Christian literature
of the Scotti, is constantly applied to a person
who is learned at once both in the sacred and
profane sciences. To speak very strictly, there
xvas held to be but one science, that of the Sacred
Scriptures. It -,vas that science people came
chiefly to seek from the Irish doctors. 1 The
other branches of learning were only considered
to be handmaicls or assistants to religious
education. The liberal arts, prosody, poetry,
chronology, were in principle believed to bave
no other right to exist than in so far as they
were useful in preparing the mind for the lectio
divina, by which was meant the study of the
Divine Thought as expressed in the Bible and
handed down by tradition. 2 Beautiful hand-
writing, exquisitely minute painting, two arts
brought to the greatest perfection in Irelancl,
also served, first and foremost, to multiply and
embellish religious books, liturgical works, and
the writings of the Fathers.

 BEDE, Eccles. hisf., III, 7 (PL, XCV, 127); III, '2.7
(ibid.., 165-166) ; V, 15 (ibid., 255.)
2 OGE, OJ). Ct.. 1). °-7.

59

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
Now, such a system of education aptly
qualified the Irish monks to work in the intel-
lectual reform undertaken with the protection
of Charles the Great. For, in fact, the Em-
peror in no way aimed at the formation of
mere humanists, of men devoted to the special
and exclusive study of ancient literature: he
simply wished to raise up priests and monks
capable of understanding and copying Latin,
and to furnish them with well written and
faultless books for study and for the services
of the Church. So the Irish taught the Franks
orthography and grammar; 1 they commented
the Scriptures, they brought from their isle
some biblical and liturgical works; above all
they ruade numerous copies of such works on
the continent. We bave given some idea of the
academic and literary works of these emigrants ;
here is the place to say a word about their
calligraphic and artistic skill.

t To the Irish grammarians already mentioned, who
taught on the continent in the ninth eentury, we bave fo
add Dubthach {TIAçBE, Poet. Carol., III, p. 685}, Mal-
sachanus {HAtrRÉAU, Singular h4st. et lift., p. 18}, Cuind-
melus {HAuaÉ., p. 19} and a Scot dwelling af Milan
(MG. Epist., IV. p. 201) : cf. /?et'. Bé,.. X, ]893, p. 193 s.

Gaelic Pioneers ot Christianitï
Catalogues of ancient librarie describe a very
considerable number of manuscripts as scottice
scripti; 1 but in the later middle ages and in
modern times the scriptura scottica was con-
sidered unreadable, and some Mss. in that
writing were destroyed. Many others were lost.
Nevertheless, without any exaggeration, we can
reckon at one hundred the religious Mss. copied
by Irish hands belote the end of the eleventh
century and actually in the possession of con-
tinental libraries.  Paleographers are agreed
in recognising the influence of the scrittura
scottica on the calligraphic reform of the ninth
century; it largely contributed to the birth
of the small caroline? But it vas still more

t TRAUBE has drawn up a list of the manuscripts in
Scriptura scottica from the old catalogues in Pcrrona
,ffcottorum, p. 529-582.
2 W. SCHULTZ, Die Bcdcutung dcr iroschottischen M6ch
fur die Erhaltung und Fortpflanzung der mittelalterlichen
Wissensc]aft, p. 85 s.; 233 s. 281 s. Cf. E. HULL, Early
Cbristian lreland, ch. XXIV, lrish Libraries abroad,
London, 1905. See my Répertoire des fac-similés des »iss.
irlandais (Revue celtlqee, XXXIV, 1913, 14-37 ; XXXV,
1914, 415-430; XXXVIII, 1920, 1-14).
a M. PIOU, Manuel de Paléographie latlne et française,
Paris, 1890, p. 43 ; A. GIY, Manuel de diplomatique, Paris,
1894, p. 514.
6x

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
from the ornarnental point of view that the
8cottic artists were imitated by continental
scribes? Their plaiting, their interlacing, their
initials shaped like anirnals or encircled with
red points, their large plates brilliantly coloured
and filled with groupings of the rnost fanciful
and varied designs, all of these are to be round
mingled xvith elernents of Anglo-Saxon origin
(acanthus, volutes, branches, the hurnan form
less rudirnentarily treated) in the style called
Franco-Saxon, which began to flourish in the
ninth century in the north of France, a region,
as ve have seen, that was particularly rich in
8cottic colonies. Any eye only slightly ac-
quainted with the art of Irish rniniaturists will
detect at a glance the ornamental motives
borrowed [rorn it in certain initials in the second
Bible of Charles the Bald (Bibl. Rat., f. lat. 2) or
in the ornamental pages of the Gospels of Saint-
Vaast at Arras, a rnanuscript cited by Leopold
Delisle as the type of the Franco-Saxon school
of northern France. z

] Ptol, 0/9. cit., p. 75 ; A. IoLINIER, Le8 ïnanuacrila et la
miniature, Pri8, 1892, p. 85.
a ÇL L. GOUOAVD, tépertoire, passim.

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
Under Charles the Bald, a lettered prince,
the compass of studies tended to enlarge.
Dialectics and the study of Greek, hitherto only
superficially pursued, ruade a great advance
under John Scottus Erigena and his disciples.
These really knew Greek, and they cultivated
and ruade knovn the vriters of Greece.1 Whence
came their knowledge ? The arrival in Eng-
land of Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury,
who came from Tarsus in Cilicia, and of his
companion Hadrian, who had received a Greek
education, cannot bave been without influence
on the progress ruade in the cultivation of
Greek in Ireland. Intercourse with Plato, the
Alexandrines and Origen developed the natur-
ally speculative genius of John Scottus, making
of him a bold thinker, even a too bold or.e,
for he specially fell into the aberrations of
pantheism.
The emigrants of this generation further-
more largely benefited also by their residence
on the continent from the point of view of their
iatellectual development. Dungal of Pavia,

1 bLn, ttIO ]SPOSITO, The Kowlcdçe of Greek in lrcl«td
d«rig the Middle Ages (St[«dies, I, 191_'2, 665-683).
63

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
John 8cottus, and perhaps Dicuil, 1 perfected on
the continent their philological, patristic, geo-
graphical, and philosophical learning. 8. Hel-
rnann bas shown also that the scope of the
studies of 8edulius Scottus was notably enlarged
by frequenting Frankish libraries.2 But in spite
of all this, if we collect the evidence given by
contemporaries about the scholars of Ireland, we
ascertain that these witnesses are conscious of
being largely indebted to these Irish scholars for
the development made in learning. In their
eyes Irish knowledge is out of the common, and
is worthy of the most pompous praise.
The Venerable Bede appreciated highly the
excellence of the traditions of learning and
piety taught to the English children by the
Celtic monks of Lindisfarne, as also the liberality
with which the Irish welcomed to their own
land all strangers thirsting for knowledge. 3

a DICUIL, author of De mensura orbis tcrrae, was also a
grammarian and poet. He crossed to the continent early
in the ninth century ; but where he resided is hot -known.
Cf. M. EseosITo, Dicuil, an Irish monk in the inth century,
in Dublin Review, October, 1905, p. 327-337.
I HELLMANN, Seduliu8 ,cottus, Miinchen, 1906, p. 103 s.
I " Imbuebantur praecept)ribus Scottis parvuli Anglo-
rum, una cure maioribus studiis et observatione disciplinae
64

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianky
Other author8 can finct nothing les8 than the
superlative to express their admiration for the
learned ScottL  The Welsh biographer of
Cadoc depicts his hero leaving to follow the
lectures of these excellent masters from whose
mouth he gathers " the sure of Western learn-
ing."  Alcuin recalls the services rendered to
Christianity bv the "docti««imi magi«tri de
I-Iibc'nia, xvho brought about such great pro-
gress in the churches of Christ in England, in
Gaul, and in Italv."s The Monk of Saint-
Gall describes Clemens and hi8 companion as
men " incomparably instructed in letter8 secular

regularis " (Bede, EccL Hist., III, 8). " Erant ibidem
eo tempore multi nobilium simul et mediocrum de genCe
Anglorum qui, tempore Finani et Colmani episcolaorum,
relict insula patria, vel diviuae lectionis vel contineniioris
vitae grati illo secesserant. Et quidam quidem nox se
monasticac conversationis fideliter manciparunt, lecliono
opeïam darc gaudehant, quos omnes Scotli libentiime
suscipiengo., victum cis quotidianum sine pretio, libros
quque ad legendum et magisterium grattitum praebere
eurabant " (Ibid., HI,
 " Pcritissimi Scottorum " (NENNIUS, HiSt. Brittonum,
C. 15) ; " Quidam peritssim£ Scotti " (Vita Samsonis, 87,
ed. \«WTE, La Vie de S. Samson, Paris, 1912, p. 188}.
 Vita 8. Cadoci, 7
Llandovery, 1853, p. 86).
 p. -°80 {MG. Epist.. IV, 37).
» 65

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
and sacred."  One of the representatives of
German erudition in the ninth century, Ermen-
rich of Ellwangen (-874), in his letter to abbot
Grimoald, extols "he Irish isle " aide nobis
tami lumDzis .]zbar advenir," " because, bes'ow-
ing philosophy to the small and the great, she
fills the Church with ber science and ber teach-
ing." = At the beginning of the eighth century
8". Aldhelm of 8herborne beheld wi'h a jealous
eve he roops of pilgrims of science xvho sailed
to the shores of Erin. a After *he Danish in-
cursions it is ,he inverse phenomenon »vhich
Heiric of Auxerre depicts in a dedication to
Charles the Bald preceding his 17ita Germani.
He represents almost all Ireland "ransporfing
herself with ber troop of philosophers to French
shores. He adds: " The more an Irishman is
learned and clever, "he more decided is he to
"his voluntary exile, where he goes to answer to
the wishes of a new 8olomon." *

' " Viros et in saecularibus et in sacris scripturis incom-
pnrahilHer eruditos " (IIG, cript., II,
a Epist. ttà Grim. ttbb. (MG, Epist., V, p. 575).
t " Citr, inquttm, ttiberttia, quo catervtttim isthbc Iectores
clasaibus advecti confluunt, ineffabili quodam privilegio
c.ffcratt«r... " (Ep. 8, I)L, LXXXIX, 94).
 P. CXXIV, 11813.

Gaelic l'ionctrs of Christianitv
Enough has now been said, making allowance
moreover for the oratorical tone of this testi-
mon)r, to appreciate in what high esteem
foreigners held Irish science in its heyday. Let
us now investigate more intimately into the
wandering existence of out travellers, observing
them first during their passage from the natal
isle to " the place of their peregrination";
then during the period of their exile. This will
give us an opportunity to examine the estab-
lishments destined to serve as their asylum on
the continent.

VIII.--Travelling Methods of the
Islanders

ATTENBACH has quoted, in the
memoir called Die Congregation dcr
Sckottcnkl6stcr in Dcutsckland, l a
curious passage in the Chroniclc of Jocelin of
Bralelond which he thought presented a living
picure of the habits of an Irish pilgrim in the
late raiddle ages. - But it is difficult to decide
whether in this particular passage he author
is referring to Irish or $cotch pilgrims. Scotti,

 WA'r'rErBACrt, in Zcitschrift fïr christliche Archaeologie
und Kun8t, 1856, p. 21-80, 49-58. This paper has been
translated into English. V. EES bas enriched it with
very many and appropriate notes which double ifs valuo.
This translation appe»red in the Uler Journal o]Archaeo-
logy, VII, 1859, p. 227-26 and 295-818. eeves caot
be, as is often asserted, the translator, for we read in 
letter of iris dated 1891 : "" I don't know a word o] Genan "
(LADY ROUSON, Lire of W. Reeveæ, Biæhop of Down,
Dublin, 1898, p. 178). Watnbach's work deals chiefly
xfith Irish foundtions of the later middle agcs.
 JOCELIN OF BR.kKEND, Chro-nicon, 85, ed. J. GAGE
OKOWODE, p. 85 {Cam.den Soc.}, ndon, 180 ; ed.
T. ARNOLD {Monorials o] anf-Edund's Abbey, 1.
p. 252 .) { Rer. BriL medii aer$ Scriplorc.). ]»ndon. ]890.

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
from the pen of an English writer of the twelfth
century, may well mean either Scotch or Irish ;i
consequently this quotatlon from the Chronicle
can bave for us only the value of a simple
analogy. So we prefer to gather here and there
from other documents the traits which are
fittest to bring before us most clearly the con-
ditions under which the Irish travelled and were
received on the continent in the early middle
ages.
As a rule they set out in bands. One such
hand vould often consist of twelve persons. 2
It would indeed have been imprudent to under-
take alone a long journey abroad in those
stormy and violent rimes. 3 If they did not
think they were numerous and strong enough,
monks and clerics wilfingly joined caravans of

x TH. ARNOLD, op. cit., p. XLII, and t.he late lranslator
of the Chro»icon, .bi. L. C. JANE 'he Chroicle of Jocelin
of Brakelond, mo»k of Sai»d-Edmondsbury, London, 1907,
p. 226) both translate Scotti by " Scotch."
 See W. REEVES, The Lire of SI. Columba written by
Aàamnan, Dublin, 1857, p. 299-303.
* On the precautions fo be taken, propter frequentiam
latroci»tii, on setting out for a journey, see letter 44 of
Einhard (MG, Episl.. V, p. 132) and letier 104 of Lupu of
Ferrièros (1V. p..ql).
69

Gaelic Pioncers of Christianity
traders; this is what Clemens, the pedlar of
wisdom, and his companion dict.
I do hOt know where J. v. Pflugk-Harttung
round that emigrants usually reached Gaul by
way of Britanny and the Loire. x No text proves
this. On the contrary, several expressly bear
witness that the Irish sailed first to Great Britain,
crossed that island, and then took ship again
from its southern coast, probably from some
Kentish port, in ortier to cross the Channel in
its narrowest part.-" I bave, moreover, shown
that this, in its main lines, was the route
followed by St. Columban. 3 It was also the

1 IFLIyGK_IL_ItTTUNG, The Old Irish on the Coidiacnt,
f.c., 77. The articles o[ H. Zimmer on the 8me Hne8
al [iled to convince me. Sec H. ZOE. Ueber direcle
Homlclsverbindu»e»t lVt«tllien» it lrhold ira Altertlti»t
»d friihot Mit¢clal¢er {Sitzungsberichte der k. Preussischen
Ak«td., 1909. p. :]63-400, 430-76, 553-580}.
 Vulgnius {MABILLO, Acta Seine't. O.S.B., 4 °
2, p. 541), S. Cadrè {Boll., March, I. p. 476} embark from
the Kentih coast. 0n the port of Richborough
porlus), ner Sandwich, Kent, as  place of embarkafion
for the continent, sec BEDE, Eccl. H'ist., I, 1 and the notes
of PLUtER {II. p.
a Un poing obscur de lïHnéroire de S. Colombon volonf en
Gaule (A»males de Brefog»te, XXI, 1907, p. B27-B48).
Cf. Neues Arehiv (XXXII, 518-519) and A»olccta Bol-
l»tdio»o (XXVI. 17 ).

70

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
itinerary chosen by Clemens $cottus, 1 by St.
Kilian,-" by Rombault, 3 and by several others.
Agilbert, the future bishop of Paris, returning
frein studying the Holy $criptures in Ireland,
followed no other route. « Furthermore, Thierry
of Saint-Trond tells us that frein the rime of
St. Rombault (eighth century) this xvas the
road constantly followed.  Doubtless it is te
the likeness of the Latin names for Great
Britain and Britanny, and te the belief in a
vague racial kinship, that several modern writers
bave been led into thinking that there was
frequent intercourse between Ireland and

t ,, Contigit dues Scottos de ttil)eruia cure mercatoribus
Brittanis ad litus Galliae devenire " (Gesta Ke«roli, I, 1 ;
MG, Script., II, p. 731).
- " Ad vicinam Scottiae Britanniam pervertit ; quam non
longa navigatinne praeteriens, Galliam attigit " (Pe«ssio
Kili.ani ; Boll., July, II, 615).
n " lE Scotia] in Britanniam ex mo gentis transmeat..
Inde transtnisso Morinotam fto, qua bx issinus transitus
maris est, in Gallias defertur " {TIEmy OF S. TIO,,-D, Vita
R«»oldini, I, 3 ; Boll.. July, I, 215).
 BEDE, Eccl. Hist., III, 7 (PL, XCV, 127).
 Sec note 3 above, and t.he marginal note on folio 33
of the Cedex Palatino-V«d.c. Nr. 880 of the Chronfcon of
[ARI.4.1':US SCOTTUS, reproduced in MG. Script., V, p. 4,81
{PL, CXLVII, 602-603). The Scot expclled by Charles the
Great for breaking, about 795, the rule of Lenten abstinence
is sent back te Ireland by way of thc kingdom of Mercia.

71

Gaclic Pionccrs ot Christianity
Armorica. As a matter of fact the direct com-
munication between the two countries was
rather rare. 1
Once landed on the Boulogne or Ponthieu
coast, 2 the ïrregrini would take the most varied
directions, either in accordance with pre-
arranged plans or by following the inspiration
or circumstances of the moment. Certain mon-
astic traditions, accepted by the Celts, lead ts
to believe that those who had adopted wander-
ing out of pure asceticism most frequently
travelled on foot. This form of mortification
was in fact largely practised ; it was even
compulsory for certain monks. The Rcgula
cufltsdam partis ad ntonachos, which we think
is of Ccltic origin, considers an abbot un-

 J. LOTH, L'Emilr«tton. bretonne en Armoriw, Paris,
1888. p. 161. s. Samuel Berger is. in my opinion, wrong
when he writes: " Now, Britanny was, more than any
other land, a spiriIual colony of lreland ;its bishops had
monasteries for their sees. . . is it hot natural to adroit
ttmt Irish [BibHc«l] texts radiated ïrom Britanny on the
neighbouring countries  " (Hst. de la lZtlgate, p. 49).
For my part, I do hot believe in this radiation,
 Vulganius disembarks at. the mouth of the Authie, St.
Boniface af Quentovic, wl-,ere also Tlteodore of Canterbury
embarks, St. Cadroë lands at Boulogne, Cltaidoc nd
Fricor on the Ponthieu coast.

Gaclic Pioneers of Christianitv
mortified who, in his displacements, consents
to rnake use of a horse or a car. A vigorous
monk who did hot thus travel on foot rendered
himself, according to the same rule, liable to
excommunication.  The Ordo monasticus de
Kil-ros is hot in any degree less severe. It
concedes only to an aged abbot (seniculus) an
equiculum ad itcr faci¢udum.: Moreover, ve
formally know that St. Aidan, a St. Chad,  and
St. Kentigern  went their mission rounds on
foot. St. Wilfrid, going at the age of seventy
to Rome, covered the whole land portion of
his journey on foot in 7o4 . To abstain from
driving or riding was held to be an apostolical
tradition,  and was sometimes put on the
saine lêvêl as continence and abstinence, s It

 Regula cuj. potrls od monachos, c. 20 and -°1 (PL,
LXVI, 01 ).
"-Orào (PL, LIX, 565).
a BEDE, Eccl. 1ti8$., III, 5 (PL, XCV, 123).
 lb-id., III. °-8 (ibid., 168).
 JOCELIN OF FU:'ESS, Vita Kotegeri, 19, ed. A.P.
FORBES (The Historians of 8cotland, Edinburgh, 1874,
p. 192-193).
« EDDIUS, Fifa Wilfr,i«la, 50-54; cf. Cit. PLUISOeR, ed.
of BEDE, II, p. 320.
 See the reïerences in preceding notes.
« Cf. Can. h-iber)., in ]-IADDAN" and STIJBBS, I, p. 108-109.
Il is stated in the Welsh laws of Ich,wcl ihe Good hat, in

73

Gaclic Pioneers of Chlistialfity
is probable that the insular ascetics and mis-
sionaries conformed to this custom. The texts
do hOt say so very categorically; 1 but the
extreme fatigue of which several travellers
complain, 2 the poverty of most of them, the
destitution to which, from want of baggage,
they are seen to be reduccd, a all these indica-
tions incline one to think that as a rule

certain trials, there must be ubtained the evidence anti
oath of persons " continentes et abstinentes, id est a
muliere, a carne et equitatione '" (OWEN, Acient Zaws and
Instilutes of lVales, London, 18-$1, p. "796 and 828). On this
ascetic custom, see my paper Anciennes h'aditions ascétiques,
I. Z'usage de coyager t) pied (Recue d'ascétiqu.e et de myslique,
III, 1922, p. 56-59).
 Epistoloe Scottorum Leodienses, in Nouez Archiv, XIII,
p. 60-6 ; [G, Epist., IV, p. 195 s.; Ep. 3 : " Siquidem
infirmitate pedum prepeditus cure suis fratribus ire lomam
non potest. Beati critis, si tali venerabili serti opem
pietatis impendatis .... " Vita gil$, c. 24 (Boll., July,
I. 25).
2 SEDUL. SCOT., Carmi-aa II, III (THAUBE, Poet. Zet.,
III, p. 168) :
"' Fessis ergo favens, Itartgari floride praesul,
Sophos 8cottigenas suscipe corde pio "
Read the curious aceount of the pilgrimage fo the tomb of
St. Heribcrt of Cologne of the elaàicus ScoRicus Duntae,
in the V.ita S. Heriberti (MG, Script., XV, 2nd. part,
p. 1245 s.). He is miraculously cured : qui or$-us nale
tripes, hune bcc bipes coepit discurrere.
a Epistvoe Scot. Zeod., 1.c., passim.

74

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
they used no other form of locomotion than
walking. 1
Great indeed was the distress of those who
migrated both belote and after the Danish
invasions. 8uch persons as Clemens, Dungal,
8edulius are reduced each moment to implore
the pity of a prince or noble for themselves or
their countrymen in want. They realise that
they may be burthensome to the society which
receives them: " Nos crgo paup,'r«s et
uini oncri forsitan ct fastidio vobis z, ideamur
esse proptcr ostram multitudincm ct importuni-
tatcm et clamositatem." "- But hunger, thirst,
fatigue, the inclemency of the weather roughly
try them and compel them to groan aloud2
The better to reach the heart, these men of

1 St. Columban, neverthcless, will accordixag fo the custom
of the rime travel by boat on the Rhine, and St. Samson
would use the car, " quem de Hibernia apud se appor-
taverat " (Vita Sansois, 47, ed. FAWTIER. 10. 148).
2 DUIOAL, Ep. 4 (MG, Episf., IV. p. 580).
 Epist. Scot. ]Leod. Ep. I, " In magnis augustiis coarctor,
immo vivere non possum in tali miseria, non habens ad
manducandum et bibemlum, lfisi pessimum panera et
minimanl particulam de pessima cervisia." The Irish
monks who overran the continent often applied t.he terre
" miser " to themselves (Cf. W kTTE_N'BACtt, in Ree. ('elt., I,
18ï0-1811. 1 . °-63).
75

Gaclic Pioncers of Christianity
letters give vent to their woes in Latin verse.*
A Scottus threatened with chastisement escapes
from Bobbio and takes refuge at Saint-Zeno in
Verona; there, in poverty and loneliness, he
begins to regret the cloister of Saint Columban
and writes the following distiches :
Nocte dieque gemo, quia sure peregrinus et egens :
Attritus febribus nocte dieque gemo.
Plangite me, iuvenes, animo qui me colebatis :
Rideat hinc quisquis : plangite me, iuvenes.
Magne Columba, roga dominum ne sperner ab ipso :
Quo reddar tibimet, magne Columba, roga...
Another, at Soissons, chilled by the cold, envies
the good tire at which Carloman, son of Charles
the Bald, a monk in the saine town, warms
himself :
Karlomanne, tuis arridet partibus ignis.
Nos veto gelidos urit iniqua hiems, a
This one going to Rome is attacked and slain

t Ail had hot this resource : " Non sure grammaticus
ncque sermone laino peritus," says an Irishman settled
at Liège (Epist. Scot. Leod., Ep. ).
 Lamentum R[efugac] citsdam (MG, lPoet. Zat. aet'i
C«rol., III, p. 688).
 Poet. Zot., l.c., p. 690.
7 6

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
by brigands on the banks of the Aisne.' That
other, returning from the Eternal City, is
stripped by robbers of a part of his clothes.
In detail he enumerates his losses in a letter
to Franco, bishop of Liège, hoping, says he,
that the prelate will from his charity make good
the damage done : " Vincat vestra pictas rapto-
cure inpi«tatcm .... "'"-

t FLODOA1RD, Hist. Eccl. Eçm., IV, 48 (MG, Script., Xlll,
p. 597).
 Ep. Scot. Eeod., Ep. 4.

IX.--Charitable Institutions for the
Benefit of the 'Scotti.'--' Monas-
teria Scottorum.'
N the foregoing pages, we have named
several continental bishot, s who were noted
for their zeal in helping the Scotti: St.
Faro of Meaux, St. Didier of Cahors, Ansoald
of Poitiers, Hartgaire and Franco of Liège, the
bishops of Cambrai. Other prelates occupied
themselves in getting restored to them estab-
lishments for assistarme or for permanent refuge
which Irishmen had Iounded for their Iellow-
countrymen at places Irequented by them, and
of which they had been unjustly despoiled.
These were hospices specially destined to shelter
travellers and pilgrims (hos])italia Scottorun), 1
or monasteries open only to Scotti who vished
to end their days in retreat on foreign soil
(nonasteria Scottorun). Several establishments
served at the same time for both these purposes.
During the Merovingian epoch we see St.

 ('f. Dn Cange. s.r.

7 

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
Bertin causing to be built by four persons who
had corne from Great Britain a refuge for the
poor and for travellers. 1 Mention is also ruade
of the construction, about 7z5, of a x«nodochium
at Moutiers-en-Puisaie, south-west of Auxerre, a
for the British who were going as lilgrims to
Rome? But these establishments were destined,
the first, for the poor and for strangers in
general, the second, for Britons only; it would
allear that we must look for the earliest ex-
amlles of monastcria Scottorum, properly so
called, at Péronne and at Honau.
It will be recalled how Charles the Great was
energetic in restoring the monks of the Alsatian
cloister to the possession of their stolen pro-
perty. The document which orders this restitu-
tion gives reason to believe ttlat ttlere exlsted
already, prior to 772, several similar establish-

x FOLCUII% Gesta «bbat. S. Bcrtini (MG, Script., Xlll,
6o).
 Canton of Saint-Sauveur-en-Puisaie (Yonne).
 Gesta episcop. AufisModorensium (MG, ScripL. XIII,
895). Lupus of Ferrières informs us tha Charles the
Great had given Alcuin the cell of St. Josse, in Ponthieu,
hot far from Quentovic, to be ruade  hospice for travellers
(Ep. 11, lXIG, Epist., IV, p. 21). This hospice rnay bave
been used hv the Scofti landing in those parts.

7O

Gaelic Foneers ot (hrlstianity
ments, t The Emperor worked hard to increase
the number of these pious and charitable
foundations, which were greatly to his taste.
But the disrepute into which the Scotti fell
towards the close of his reign suddenly stopped
this development. The Irish were even dis-
possessed of their institutions, and the tlsurpers
hot only refused to receive travellers who
sought shelter in them but drove out the monks
who had lived there from childhood and re-
duced them to beggary. * We learn these facts
from a canon of the council of Meaux in 845
which distinctly demands the reorganisation of

1 Cf. HAUCK, op. cit., p. 305. We have quoted above
the phrase we have here in view "... ut nullus rapiat
oliquid de rebus eorum nec ulla generatio praeter eolm
generationem posideat eccles.rts eo'u " (MG, Dipl. Jïr.
ed. E. 3IOLBAOHER, I. No. 77. p. 111).
a Cone. lIeldense, e..1,0 {Mansi, XIV, 827-828): "
monentla est regi magnitudo de hospitalibus, quae tempore
praedecessorum suorum et. ordinata et. exculta fuerunt, et
modo ad nihilum sunt redacta.. Sed et hospitlia Scotorutn,
quae sanct homines gentis illius in hoe regno eonstruxerunt,
e rebus lro sanctitate sa acquisitis ampliaverunt, ab
eodem hospitalitatis oflïcio funditus sunt alienata. Et non
solum supervenientes in eadem hospitali non recipiualur,
verum etiam ipsi, qui ab inîantia in eisdem lotis sub
ïeligione Domini tnilitaveru,at, et exinde ejicintr, et.
o_titim mendi«.re coguntr."

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
the 8cottic hospices and their restitution to
their lawful owners and administrators. At
this council were present Wenilo, metropolitan
of Sens, Hincmar of Rheims and their suffragans,
Rudolf of Bourges, and some other bishops.
The Fathers of the Council begged for the
intervention of the king. That king was Charles
the Bald, the best protector of the Scotti after
Charles the Great; he was hot deaf to this
appeal, and, at the Diet of Epernay (846), he
confirmed the measures taken at Meaux with
a view to the re-establishment of the bosl>italia
Scottorum. 1
The saine beneficial episcopal intervention
appears again in a letter of uncertain date
addressed by the bishops of the provinces of
Rheims and Rouen to Louis the German, very
probably at the rime of his invasion of western
France (858). 3 The drafting of this letter is
attributed to Hincmar of Rheims. In it the
bishops again claire the return of the Scottic
establishments to their former use; then, in

 Praef. Colc. Meld.. (Capit.. Karoli II. MG. Leffes, I,
p. 390-391 ).
Cf. E. LAVI.,E. Histoirc de Fr«llc«. P, vis, 1903.
p. 380.

Gaclic Pioncers oP Crisdanitv
addition, the.v reclUeSt the monarch to see to
that the administrators submit themselves, as
is prescribed by the canons and capitularies,
to the ]urisdiction o the bishops, who, they
add, wiil in return show them the most kindly
attention. 
From the middle o the ninth century,
Irish monasteries and hospices multiplied chiefly
outside the Frankish kindom o the west.
rhe Scottic proessor and poet Donatus
havin become bishop of Fiesolc, ives, on
2oth Auus, 850 , to the monastery o Bobbio
a church in the district o Piacenza, and to
it was afterwards added a hospice for Irish
pilrims.  In 88t, Charles thc Fat erected in
Rhaetia a monsterium Scottorum at Mount-
Saint-Victor, the saine place to which the Irish
anchorite Eusebius had wkhdrawn twenty-nine
years belote. Two years later the saine prince
ruade over to this monastery the revenues of
one of his villas or the maintenance o a hospice

'PL, (:XXV[, lî. (iii. L. LALLE[AND, Hisloire «le la
elmt{té, Paris, 1906, III, ç.
I G. ToxoNI, Ospizio pei l)«lh.grb; irladesi. Srenna
Piacentina, 1891; Cf. R«te hiMoriq««. XLVIlI. 1892,
p. 128-121..

Gaelic Pimecrs of Christianitv
de8tined for twelve pilgrim8 on their way to
Rome. 1
In the tenth century the German monarchs
studded their dominions with similr rounds-
tions. We find the Irish estblished bout 945
t Sint-Michel-en-Tiérche nd t Wulsort
in the Ardennes.  The existence of Waulsort
ws ocilly recognised bv  châtrer of Otto I,
king of Germny, under dte 9th September,
946. According to tht document, the bouse
ws to remain the property of the 8cotti, nd a
monk of tht ntionlity ws to be mde abbot
so long s there remined one in the community.
This bbey ws specilly devoted to sheltering
foreign trvellers, whence it received the nme
of monasterium percgrinorun, a
The Scot Cadroe, abbot of Waulsort, having
been called to Metz by bishop Adalbero I (929 -
964) in order to restore the monastery of Saint-
Clement (953), was replaced by the Irishman
Forannan. He negotiatedwithTheodoric, Adal-

1 RATPtRT, Ca88 8. Galli (3[G, Script., ll. 78). See
the cditor's note.
: Boll., ffanuary, IL 749-751.
aMG, Dipl., I, p. 160-161; Cf. L_HVF.. Elude sr
l'abbaye de IVaulsart, Liège, 1890, p. 11.
83

Gaclic Pioneers of Christianitv
bcro's successor, the annexation of the neigh-
bouring abbey of Hastière to his monastery. 
Adalbero Il (994-oo5) showed himself not less
inclined than his predecessors to confide to the
islanders the monastic establishments of lais dio-
cese. " Scotti et reliqui sancti percgrini sempcr
sibi dnlcissimi habcbantur," remarks Constantine
of Saint-Symphorian, his biographer." At that
rime the abbey oi Saint-Clement had at its
head the Irishman Fingen. Adalbero begged
him to undertake also the government of Saint-
Symphorian, which had been destroyed a long
time before, probably by the Normans. Fingen
restored that bouse and brought it Mthin the
Scottic influence. Two charters, one from Pope
John XVII, the other from the emperor Otto III,
ordered that only monks of Irish origin should
be received there as long as that country sup-
plied sufficient recruits.  Fingen ended his
career as a reformer at Saint-Vanne of Verdun.

 VIa sec*,,.da Foram,a»,i. c. 2 (Boll., April, III, 827).
- I'-io Adolberonis II (MG, ;cripL, IV, 668).
 l-l. CAL.MET, HisI. de la Lorrai,e, Preuves, p. 396, Priv.
OIo»is, "... legia denuo nostra munificentia donamus
arque confirmamus ; ea videlieet ratione, ut abbas primus
nomine Fingenius, .ltibe*afiensis natione, quem ipse prae-
libatns episcopus [Adalbero] tune temporis ibi constituit,
4

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
Seven of his coml3anions had accomlzanied
him there. 
At this saine lzeriod Cologne also lZossessed
an imlzortant Irish colony. In 975, Archbish°lz
Eberger " immolated " to the Irish in sempitcr-
hum the monastery of Saint-Martin." Marianus
$cottus, who dwelt in this cloister from Io56 to
Io58 , bas left us a Ckronicl" 3 the imlortance
of which for the local history of that time is all
the greater because the documents dealing

suique succesores, l=[ibernenses mnaehos habent, ql-
diu sic esse poterit ; et si defuerint ibi monaçhi de H bernia,
de quibuscumque nationibus senper ibi monaehi habean-
[tr . . ." See verses 110 and following of the Mesin poem
written by an Irihman. published },- ]çILE i Nct«t's
Archiv.. V, p. 437.
a Gesla Episeop. ['irducsittm fin 'AL3IET. p. 202 ;
'«ril., IV, p. 48). _k strauge lilurgica] eomhination was
in praellce af T,,ul under tlle bishoprie of «.r«.«l ( 99 ).
This prclate maintained a mmbcr of Greek and Scolic
cle-ies who dai]y ga/hered in his oratory to perfo]m the
divine praises at different altars. nore patrio. ( DC,
Vila S. Gerardi, 19; MG, Script., IV. 501). Gerard's
bioapher reports, in chapter 22 (p. 508), an incident
which testifies to the keen regre one of these Seotli felt
a the bishop's death.
 M.çR.xUs SCOTTUS, Chroieon, ad an. 997 [CMLXXV]
(PL. CXLVII, 780).
 The Cod. Palalino-I't«ticanus Nf. 880, s. XI, is in the
aetual handx'iting of Marianus (er. G. W.TZ. Peocm.
Chroie., in PL. r.c.. ,',,I.

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianitv
xvith the origin of the abbey of Saint-Martin
have been, it is thought, falsified in the eigh-
teenth century by a monk of that bouse, Dom
Olivier Légipont. 1 blarianus gives the names
of the abbots of 8aint-blartin from 97 to
Io6I: they are ail Irish. 2 The Chronicon or
Catalogus .4bbatum Sancti Martini Coloniensis
says also that, under the abbacy of Kilian
(986-Ioo3), Eberger, with the consent of the
emperor Otto III, gave various goods to this
monastery " in usus monachorum peregrino-
rum" ;  but this detail is probably invented,
the Catalogus being precisely one o the docu-
ments which alls under the suspicion o b.aving
been forged. In the days o abbot Elias,
another monastery of Cologne, that of Saint-
Pantaleon, also passed in its turn into the
banals o the Irish (m42). «

*OPPEt.XN, Kritische 8tudien zur tltere»t lï61ner
Geschichte (lVestàeutsde Zeitschrift f. Gesch. u. Kunst, XIX,
1900, p. 2ï1-344). See the supplementary note of D.
]D'RsIER BERLIÈRE in Archives Belges, .kpril, 1901, p. 89-91.
It has also been published in the Revue Bénéd., XVIII.,
1901, p. 4o-4-427.
 Chronic., l.c., col. 780-787.
a 5IG, Script., II, p. 21.
 M_RA.-. SCOT.. Ctron., ad an. 1064 [.MŒELII]. l.c.,
cd. 781..

Gaelic l'ioneers of Christianity
In the eleventh century, ttle cozti were
wclcomed even outside their own monasteries
with very 8pecial interest. They were con-
sidered to be saintly people, and the work which
they executed with their pens or their hosts
contributed to make their visits appreciated. *
Under the abbacy of Richard (to34) they
were received with extreme kindness at Fulda.
A special warming-place and dormitory were
reserved for their use, and during their stay
the abbot watched over them with paternal
care. 2 At that period, it is true, there were no
longer to be seen in the bands of emigrants
those just]y suspected adventurers whose bold-
ness of manner and speech the founder of
Fulda had had to suppress. On the contrary,
one might often see an ascetic »»'ho, escaping
from groups of his countrymen, would corne to
some cloister in the far recesses of Germany to
beg for the shelter of a narrow cell where he
might dwell alone till death.

t Vita Mariani Ratispon., 2. 11 (Boll., February, Il, 367).
t " Hic [Richardus] etiam multos so.ncios Scottigenao
gentis viros in commune fratrum habebat, atqtte caminatam
et dormitorium ipsis seorsum simul et inter fratrcs suh-
ministrabat sicu pater." (IARIA.X'. ,.qCOT., CIt'«,., ad an.
13IXXXIX]. L,'.. ,',,I. ïse.

X.--The Recluses

ROM the very beginning of monasticism
in Ireland, a strong tendency is notice-
able towards the lire of an anchorite. It
was not unusual to see pious cenobites, in the
very bloom of manhood or its decline, retire
" to the desert " or " to a hard prison of stone,"
as their biographers express it, in order to give
themselves up entirely to absolute contempla-
tion.  This is x»hat, among others, St. Fintan
of Rheinau (878) did. Captured and carried
off by the Vikings, he escapes from them in the
Orkneys, trusts himself to the ocean, lands
among the Picts, accomplishes in fulfilment of
a voxv a pilgrimage ad limina, then, on his
xvay back, takes up his abode at the monastery
of Rheinau, near to Schaffhausen, and there
passes in a cell the remaining txventy-txvo years
of his mortal lire. 

 G. T. STOKES and H. J'. L.«wLo, Ireland ond the Cellic
Ck«rcb, London. 1907, p. 178 ; VHITLEY STOKES, Tke
3lartyrology ofOegus, London, 1906, p. 45, 320 ; "¥HITLEY
STOKES, Cuimmin's poem on the Saints of Irela»d (Zeit. f.
,.eltische Pkilol., I. 1897. p. 59-7:¢).
ï T'ila Fidt.i. 7. 10 (MG..çcril,t.. XV, 51-505).

Gaelic Pioncers of Christianity
During the cleventh century this practice of
asceticism increased. Fulda in turn shehered
two recluses : Animchad (T lO43) x and the
chronicler blarianus himself, who dweh in
seclusion there from lO59 to lO69 .2 By the
orders of the abbot of Fulda and the bishop of
Mainz he was transferred to Mainz where,
under the saine conditions, he closed Iris earthly
exile.  At Paderborn, in Westphalia, it is the
Scottic Paternus who allows himself to be
burned to death in his " clausola " when the
city was destroyed by tire, after he had spent
many years in seclusion in it (lO58). 4
When the namesake of the recluse of Fulda
and Mainz, Marianus $cottus of Ratisbon,
arfived in Bavaria, about lO75, he met a
fellow-countryman called Murcherat (Murchera-
tus), apparently a Latinising of the royal
naine of Leinster--Murrough--now Anglicised
into Murphy, who »vas also dwelling there in
solitude. 5 One of his travelling companions,

3Lk. SCOT., Cbron. (1.c., col. 78.1,-785).
Ibid., col. 786.
1Md., col. 789.
Ibid., col. 786.
l'ile lla,'ioï Rotisp., c. 3 (l.v., p. 368}.
89

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
John, was also seized, after a while, with a
desire to lead an anchorite's lire. He set
out from Bavaria, penetrated into the vallev
of the Danube, passed through Melk, where
Henry II, the Saint, had raised a tomb some
time before to the Irish saint Coloman, assas-
sinated in oI2 at Stockerau, a and finally round
at GSttweig, in the March of Austria, the idem
cell in which he expire&"-

The first intention o this second Marianus
Scottus was to make the pilgrimage to Rome;
but the welcome he received at Ratisbon, the
advice of the hermit Murcherat, and the offer
that was ruade to him of the priory of Weih
St. Peter detained him and his companions in
the Bavarian city. They formed the original
core of a congregation which, despite some
interruptions and many vicissitudes, was to
continue almost to our own day, the so-called

 Passio 8. Cholomanni (MG, Script., IV, 675).
 Vilalarianl, c. 3 infi?e (f.c., p. 368). Let us remember
that in the preceding pages menlion has already been ruade
of three other Irish recluses : Arnanus at Cahm, Dungal
af Saint-Deuis. and Eusebius at Mount S:dnt-VicIm., in
tbc neia'hb(,urh,,od ,ff R5this (Vorarlhcrg).

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
8cotch Benedictine congregation (Schottenkon-
gregation) of which the Superior-General was
the abbot of Saint-James of Ratisbon. 
The building of Saint-James's was started
about o9o with the assistance of the burgrave
Otto and with contributions from the neigh-
bouring gentry and rich burgesses o[ the citv in
order to provide shelter for the Scottic monks
whose number had rapidly increased.  A letter
written by the growing colnmunity to Wratis-
law, King of Bohemia, bas reached us. The
monks ask this prince for an escort for mes-
sengers they propose to senti into Russia. *
This mission was accomplished. The bio-
grapher of Marianus reports, in e.ect, that the
monk Maurice penetrated as far as Kiev;

 Cf. Kirchenlexicot, at the word: ,ç«hotte»tkl6sfer,
X, col. 1905-1907.
* THomis HIED, Codex historico-diplomaf&us cpiscopatus
dbonens, Ratisbonae, 1816, Nrs. 178 and 18 (I, 166,
171) ; FERD. J.NNER, Gescbicbte dcr Bischfe von Regens-
burg, Regensburg, ] 883, I, 566, 570, 602, 603 ; G. A. ENZ,
Bcilrge zr Gescldchte de Schottenabtei St. Jakob nd des
Priorales Weih St. Peter in Regelsburg (Studen u. Mitlheil-
ltngen airs dem Bened4eti,wr u. des1 Clcrcienser-Orden, XVI,
1895, p. 64 s.} ; Regesten, b., p. 250 s.
a PEZ, Tbcs..nccd., VI. I, p. 291. Cf. HENZ. Regcslen
p. 252.

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
that the king and nobles of the country pre-
sented him with precious furs »vith which
he loaded several chariots, and that he re-
turned, sale and sound, to his monastery under
the protection of traders of Ratisbon. The
narrator adds that it »vas with the price
tained for these furs that the cloisters and roof
of the monastery were built.
We bave now reached out proposed limit.
It is undoubtedly a reasonable one. The
:oundation of 8aint-James's o: Ratisbon opens
a new period in the history of the monastic
establishments of the Scotti on the continent,
a period far less interesting, far less bustling
than the one we bave described. Henceforward
Germany is the only countrv towards which the
ride of religious migration flows, and the number
of emigrants grows ceaselessly fewer. The

 Vita Mariani, c. 4 {I.c., p. ;69). Ou the Irish monks
at Kiev, see L ABI:.I.t)I'S study : ]I,tisi qrlanàzcy w
Kijmvqe (Bullctln internat, dc l'Académie des sc'iences de
Cretcoviv, No. 7, July, 1901, p. 187). A. P?,RCZEROSKI'S
work, Poczathi clrystjanimnu w Polsce  Misya lrlandska
(The Beginnings of Chris!ianily in Polad and lhe Irish
Mission ). ext. from Amua ire de la Soc. dcs sciences de Posen,
1902. would appear to be ounded, to ]udge by M. Louis
I,éger's report of it in ihe Rcv. celt. (XXVI, 1905. p. :89),
,,n d«ument8 th,ql are often of qnestiouahl,, x aine.

Gaelic Pionecrs ol Christianitv
$cotch, under cover of the actual sameness of
their naine in Latin (Scott 0 with that of the
old Irish, succeeded in passing themselves off
as the real founders of the monast«ria Scottorum,
and gradually displaced the Irish in those
places where German monks had hot already
installed themselves. 1

93

SECOND PART
THE PLACE OF IRISH SAINTS IN
CONTINENTAL RELIGIOUS
FOLKLORE

The Place of Irish Saints in Conti-
nental Religious Folklore
] ]ANY a territory of continental Europe
preserved traces
IVI has of the passage
across it of Irish saints. The abbey
of Luxeuil, founded by St. Columban in 585,
was, in Merovingian rimes, as we bave already
shown in Part I, a veritable nursery of abbots,
bishols, and missionaries. Two of the most
celebrated monasteries of the early middle ages,
the two most important centres of the learning
and the intellectual work of the æeriod, Bobbio
and Saint-Gall, owe their existence to Irishmen,
Bobbio to the saine Columban, and Saint-Gall
to the first disciples of St. Gall, who bas left
lais name to a town and canton of the Swiss
Confederation.
The diocese of Wurzburg llaced itself under
the patronage of another Irishman, St. Kilian ;
in a like manner Lower Austria adolted St.
Coloman as its patron. The tomb of St. Fursa
at Péronne drew numbers of his fellow-country-
men to that hallowed spot, which, as |are as
7 97

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
the tenth century, was still known as Perrona
Scottorura.
For close upon four hundred years Irish
saints, filled with burning missionary zeal,
laboured incessantly to spread the Christian
aith and monastic discipline in Gaul, Belgium,
Alsace, in Alemannia, Franconia, in Italy, along
the course of the Danube, and down the valley
of the Rhine.
Without doubt Ireland bas continued to be a
land of high Christian renown; but at no
period of ber history, hot even when she lay
quivering under the appalling cruel W of the
Penal Laws, did she more ully deserve the
name of tbe Island of Saints, whJch bas been
bestowed on ber.
In the first part of this vork we have re-
traced the story of the wonderful activity of
the Irish on the European continent rom the
sixth to the twelfth century, a story which in
its main features is well knovn. 1 It will now
be of interest to go in search of such traces as

a See W. LEvISON, Die Iren und die friinkiache Kirche
(tlistoriache Zeitschrift, CIX, 1912, p. 1-22), OUt Chrétientés
celfiqees, Paris, 1911, ch. V, Les eapansions irlandaiaes,
tnd pra (Part I 1.

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
these strangers bave left in the traditions and
customs of the people of the districts they were
wont to overrun and of the localities in which
they founded lasting establishments. Pilgrim-
ages and devotions still carried out in the
sanctuaries which preserve, or claire to pre-
serve, their relics; prayers in which their
names are invoked; local sayings in which
thcir names appear; country fairs and feasts
in which their memory is ierl0etuated, such
will be the marrer brought together in the
following pages.
The late Miss Margaret Stokes devoted ber-
self with zeal to seeking for traces of the insular
peregrini in France and Italy, and she has
blazed the trail for later archœeologists and
loyers of folklore. Her two books, Six Months
in the .4pennines in Search of the Festig«s of
Irish Saints in Italy (London, I892 ), and OEhree
Months in the Forests of France ; a Pilgrimage
in search of I/'estiges of the lrish Saints in France
(London, I895), may daim the merit of resting
on an abundant and picturesque documentation
obtained on the very spots ruade illustrious by
the presence of the saints of Ireland. Never-
theless, thev are open to the criticisnx of being
99

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
somewhat cawiciously comioosed ; and, above
all, of an inclination to Fut too frequently mere
legend in the llace of history. True it is that
it would be imlossible to handle such a subject
of religious folklore as the one with which we
are dealing without taking stock of its legendary
characteristics ; but, while giving Iull value to
the influence legend bas llayed in the develop-
ment of lOlular beliefs, devotions, and customs,
we must guard against llacing it on the saine
level with historic truth. It shall be our care
to avoid running on that rock.

IO0

I.--The Three Great National Saints

HE three patrons and wonder-workers
to whom, from the very beginning,
Ireland consecrated a most special
worship of love are St. Patrick, the apostle of
that island, the virgin of Kildare, St. Brigid,
and St. Columcille, the abbot of Iona.
St. Patrick had travelled through Gaul,
but it was only in Ireland that he carried
out his apostleship. His cult vas, however,
introduced to continental countries b t' the very
first missionaries from be¥ond the seas. His
natalis, on the I7th Match, a birthda¥ which
bas remained, above all save one, sacred to
every son of Erin, was celebrated as early as
the seventh century at Luxeuil, at Péronne, and
at Fosses in Belgium; at Echternach, Corbie,
Nivelles and Reichenau probably from the
very foundation of those abbeys. The cêle-
bration of the ITth March tan be proved at
Trèvês and at Landévennec in Britanny in the
tenth and êleventh cênturies. 

x ViVa. Gcrtrudis (MG., qcripl. ver. »erov., II, p. 462-463)
(for Fosses) ; L. Gouoçt'D, art. Celtirtuc (lihrgie), in th
10I

Gaelic Pioaers oi Ghr, suamty
When we realise the antlquity and wide
spreading o thls llturgical devotion, we are
the less surprlsed that popular piety should in
its turn bave seized upon this oreign saint in
order to make o him one o its most beloved
heroes. Many churches and monasteries boasted
that they possessed some o his relics : Saint-
Pierre o Rheims, Lisieux, Issoudun, P,ffers in
Switzedand, Lumlar near Lisbon. The village
o Neubronn, hl a league rom Hohenstadt,
near Aalen (Wurtemberg), possesses a statue of
the saint which is greatly venerated throughout
the district. 1 In Upper Styria, * Patrick is in-
voked as protector of cattle; elsewhere prayer
is said to him to obtain the cure of the deaf

DicL à'archéol. by Cabrol et Leclercq. col 3005 (for Luxeuil,
livelles, Reichenau, Landévennec} ; ]3R. Kluscrt, Chrono-
gche8 au,ç Hanchriflen (Neue8 Archh,, X, 1885, p. 92)
{for Corbie}: T CaIvndar of St. Willibrord, ed. H. A.
'I0 (U. Bradshaw Society}, London, 1918, p. 5 (for
Echternach} ; P. IESES, Der Trier Eealkalender (T-
achea Arvhlv, Ergnzungsheft XV, 1915, p. 8}; Kco
lEn, Verse fro», a chapel dedicated Iv St. atrick af.
Péronne (Êriu, V, 1911, p. 100}.
t A. IRLINGE, As Schwoben : Sagen, Legd, Ab-
gMuben, Sit&n, Wiesbaden, 1874, p. 67-68.
* RICH.D DEE, Votive Weihgen des kathollechen.
Volks in SvddeulscMond, Braunschweg. 190, p. 88.

I02

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
and dumb. 1 According to a Breton saying,
whoever kills an earwig with his finger gets
the saint's blessing.  This, no doubt, is
tributable to the undying belief which insists
that the apostlc of Ireland drove out of that
island snakes and all poisonous creatures.
Irishmen held strange opinions about their
saints. They had hot the least hesitation in
assigning to them the most extraordinary func-
tions and in conferring on them the very first
places in the ranks of the Blessed. Thus the
belicf that St. Patrick would be called upon to
judge ail Irishmen at the last day took firm
root among them. 8 As to Brigid of Kildare,
Irish devotion »vent so far as to confound ber

t See The Tablel of 29 March, 1890, p. 486, and Notes and
Qucries, 7th Series, X, 1890, p. 9 and 97.
 " An hini a lac'h eut garlostcn gand e vis
En eus bemaoz zant. Patris."
(E. EAULT, Diclons et proverbes brctons, in Mluine, XI,
col. 310).
s Book of Armagh, fol. 8  (Cf. The Triparlite Lire of St.
Patrick. ed. V'HITLEY STOKES, London. 1887, p. 296);
Liber Angeli, bid., p. 355 ; Adatnan's Second Vsion
(Revue celtique, XII, p. 420); Homily on St. Patrick in
t.he Lebar Breac (Trip. Lire, p. 477) ; Ninine's Prayer (The
Irish Liber Hymnorum, ed. ]3EI%NARD and ATKrNSON
L»ndon, 1898, II. p. 86); Triparl. Lift. p. 81, 258-261.

o3

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
with the Mother of God : her devotees addressed
her as "the Mary of the Gaels" and even
" Mother of Jesus," 1
The saint of Kildare enjoys a remarkable
popularity through ail western Europe. There
is no doubt, moreover, that this popularity is
due to the very intense propaganda carried on
in favour of their national saints by Irish monks,
missionaries, and peregrini vherever they pene-
trated.
A German writer of the thirteenth century,
Nicholas of Bibra, scoffs at certain whims of
these foreigners, and notably at the exaggera-
tions into which they were led by their un-
limited admiration for the saints of their race.
He writes thus of the 8cotti who in his rime
still dweh in the abbey of 8aint-James at
Erfurt :
Sunt et ibi $coti, qui, cure fuerint bene poti,
$anctum Brandanum proclamant esse decanum
In grege sanctorum, vel quod Deus ipse deorum
Brandani frater sit et dus Brigida mater.

Sec Chrét{entés celtiqu«s, p. °61 ; (}. L. I:I.IIILTON, T/e
,S'orces of the F«te* oJ the tpostlea «td A»drcas (*-lOdelt;
Loi:g«:ge Noies, XXXV, 1920, i . 304}.

o4

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
Sed vulgus miserum non credens hoc fore verum
Estimat insanos $cotos simul arque profanos
Talia dicentes...1
The Erfurt satirist goes on to say, if you
challenge these Scotti to explain their quaint
theological marvels, they would simply allege
in their justification the words of the 8aviour :
" Mater mea et fratres mei bi sunt qui verbum
Dei audiunt et faciunt" (Luke viii, 20, and
they would close the discussion with :
Sic Brigidam matrem, Brandanum dicite fratrem,
Nam perecerunt quecunque Deo placuerunt.
The festival of St. Brigid was kept on the
Ist of February in the eighth century at
Reichenau and at Echternach, in the ninth
century at Nivelles and perhaps at Rheinau, 

 ICOLAUS DE ]IBERAo Car»e»t
FlScR (Gchichtsquellen der Provinz «chsen, I, 1870,
c. 1550-1565, p. 90. CL 'INTER.FELD, Deucbc Dichter,
p. 420-430.
 See my article Celtiqucs (litr9ies), Dt. Archéol. cited,
col. 8005 ; Thc C«Icnd«r oral.
L. DELIS, lm.oire r d'«cis cr«»entaircs, p. 3ll ;
the fragment o[ the clendr contined in the Codex
henaug. r. 30 of Zurich wvs brought from ivees to
Rheinau by St. Fintan.
lartyrolium (Anzger fl ch-wefzeriscvGechhfe, New
serin, VI, 1890-1898, p. 186-141);
Vcreiehn der 8t. Galler
»ehrfte, Beuron, I018, p. 110.
xo5

Gaelic Pion«crs of Christianity
and in the tenth century at Saint-Gall. In
order to follow the development of ber cult,
whether official or merely popular, it is only
necessary to let the eye roam over the map of
Irish establishments on the continent. 1 It will
then be seen that wherever Brigid had been
venerated there had been either an Irish religious
foundation or an Irish colony.
In the district of Saint-Orner, a Scotti zone
of influence, - the peasants, "to serve St.
Brigid," go to a church possessing a statue of
the saint (at Wavrans-sur-l'Aa, at Givenchy-
le-Noble, at Leubringhen, at Norbecourt, at
Lumbres, at Saint-Denis of Saint-Orner), when
they need ber help to obtain the cure of their
cattle. 3 The Wallon peasantry also corne to
invoke the saint's aid for their live stock in the
chapel dedicated to ber which looks down on
the town of Fosses, which place itself owes its
origin to an abbey founded there in the seventh
century by the Irish St. Foillan. The pilgrirns

 Sce map af the end of my Chrétie»tés celtiques.
 Chrétientés celtiques, p. 149 ; W. LEOE$o.x, Die Iren, p. 5.
8 A communication marie by the abbé E. Guibert, author
of a pamphlet on the local devotion fo St. Brigid in the
8,int-Omer district, published a S, int-Omcr in 1{}21.

Gadic Pionccrs of Christianiy
present wands to be blessed, and then with
them touch the sick animals. 1 Liège, where
an Irish colony existed in the ninth century, 
possesses a church under the name of the saint
of Kildare. 3
The building of the parochial church of
Saint-Brigid (now destroyed) at Cologne goes
back to the period in which the abbeys of
Saint-Martin and of Saint-Pantaleon fell to the
Scotti (tenth and eleventh ccnturies).  This
church of Saint-Brigid actually adjoined the
first of these abbeys.  Four other parochial
churches and seven chapels of the diocese of
Cologne are dedicated to the virgin of Kildare,
under whose protection the local farmers place

 ('AIEI., Car«cfdrisfiquçs des cM»le, p. 140. On the
other churches nd chapels decated to St. Brigid in
Belgium, sec T. A. WALSH. Iriah Sainte n Beium
(Eccle81a81al «view, XXXlX, 1908, p. 133-134).
 Chrélienlé8 celt., p. 165, 289-290.
 JOSEPH BR.kSSINE, Analecla Leodit'nsia, Liège, 1907,
p. 82.
 Chrétienlés celt., p. 170-171.
s K. H. SCH.R, Kirchen und Chrlslodu»* i* dem
splr6miscvn ud frhmitlelalterlhe» &-bln (A mtlen d.
hist. Ver. fl don Niedhein, XCVIII, 1916, p. 111). The
church of Saint-Martin of Cologne posses relies of lice
saint. She was venerated aL Trèves from t,hc tenth centu"

o 7

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
their domestic animals. 1 At Mainz there were
a chapel and benefice of 8aint-Brigid. They
were attached to the ancient church of Saint-
Paul, which is described as being a Schotten-
kirche. The chapel stood in the Altenraiinster-
gasse. -
Speaking of the collcgiate church of Saint-
Pierre-le-Vieux, Grandidier writes in his Histoire
dc l'dglise et des véqucs de Strasbourg : " On the
Ist of February the relies of St. Brigid of
Kildare are reverenced there. In our own day
they still call certain 'cantons' which belong
to the collegiate church the dîmes (tithes) of
Saint-Brigid, not because, as some papers ap-
pear to assert, they were given to the church of
Honau by that saint, but because the Scotch
or Irish who came to dwell in it brought there
from their own land a portion of her relics, and
this led the people to honour with the naine of
Saint Brigid the property they consecrated to
her. The canons of Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux [at

x L. KoITH, Die Patrocinien der Kirchen und Kapellen in
Irzbistum IK5l,, Dtisseldorf, 1904, p. 89 s.; ADA.I ¥REDE,
]?hcinische Volkskunde, Leipzig, 1919, p. 155.
* F. J. BO[»htAl.-, Rheingauische Altcrhiimer, Mainz, 1819,
Il, p. 593.

Gaclic Pioneers of Christianity
Strasburg] have under their control the loaves
of Saint-Brigid, and their best wines also bear
the ' rubric ' o5 this saint. ''1
The church o5 Saint-Michael at Schotten, a
town in the Grand Duchy o5 Hesse, and taking
its naine from a colony o5 Scotti, bas one o5 its
altars dedicated to St. Brigid and another to
the Breton saint Josse, or Judoc. 
The archives o5 the church o5 Liestal, near
Basle, preserve indications o5 donations ruade
to St. Brigid at the beginning of the thirteenth
century, and o5 a lumen sanctae Brigidae. s A
document of the year I5O7 counts the abbess o5
Kildare among the patrons o5 that church, and
another, dated I6O8, mentions a " Gotteshaus
Sankt Prigithae zu Liestal." By what channel
did this devotion 5rom Ireland reach Liestal ?
" It is a mystery 5or me," declares the author

 GRANDIDIER, Histoire de l'église et des évéqtea de Sir«s-
bourg, Strasbourg, 1778, I, p. 406.
2 S. A. W(]RDTWEIN, Diocesis Mogunlna in aTchidia-
conatus dfincfa, Manmmii, 1777, III, p. 87 ; EBER,
Die n.n voTmaligen Scflenkirchen in Mai und in
Oberssen {Archiv. f. ssische Geschich$e u. Allerthums-
kunde, IX, 1861, p. 819-848}.
a A perpetual tire was kept up ai Kildare in honour of
St. Brigid till lhe Reformatiom

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
of a recent study on the saints and churches of
Basle. a However, xvithout falling back on the
abbey of Saint-Gall, xvhich is at a considerable
distance from Liestal,-" in order to solve this
problem, xve may mention the neighbouring
abbey of S_ckingcn, which is held to be of
Irish foundation, and also, at some distance
higher up the Rhine, the abbey of Rheinau,
vhere dwelt St. Fintan.
The liturgical books of Genoa bear xvitness
that devotion to St. Brigid flourished also in
Liguria. The proximity of Bobbio might
furnish a natural explanation of this fact, but
Signor Cambiaso presents us vith another in
his work L'/lnno ecclesiastico e le feste dci santi
in Genova, published in 917 . This cult would
appear to have been transplanted to this region

x KAIL GAUS$, Die Heili#en dev Gotteshiiuser von Basel-
land (Baslcr Zeichrift fier Geschichte und Althtnskunde,
1I, 1902, p. 152-153.)
a The late Father A. oncelet, a BoHndist, noticed that
a legend which took deep roof af the abbey of Saint-GaH
ruade St. Brigid  lative of St. GaH himseH (Aalecta
Boiana, XXIII, 1904, p. 885). The Abbey of fvers,
or Pfffers, {canton of Saint-GaH, Stzerland) was pos-
ssed of relics of St. Brigid and of other Irish sints. e
E. A. SECKEERO, Geschcbte d R«liqden it der
Scbwz, Ziirich. loo2. p. 7-8.

Gadic Pio'aeers of Christianity
by the Canons Regular of the Lateran, who
reckon St. Brigid among their canonesses. 1 It
is a fact, however strange it may appeal that
the Canons Regular daim that St. Patrick was
one of their Order, and likewise that St. Brigid
sanctified herself in the saine institution. 
Mention bas already been made of vinevards
and other lands consecrated to our saint. The
peasantry of Ama)', a village between Huy
and Liège, still believe that the blessed earth
of St. Brigid cures cattle and drives away from
their stables wicked people and witches. " 80
great is tlfis belief that the earth is sprinkled
around for a distance of ten leagues." a
Saint Brigid, who is invoked in the Irish
prayer of Saint Moling as the protectress of
travellers, is similarly honoured in a German
Reisescgen of the fifteenth century. 4 Her name

 CA.MBIASO, op. cit., p. 122.
s See the article Canons and Canone«ses reg.ular by the
II.ight Rev. A. LI, bbot of Szn Teodoro af Genou,
in the Catholic Encyclopaed, col 290-291.
 Auus ocK, Croyances et femmes pulaire du
pays de Lidge, Liège [1873], p. 84. On the " campestr
puNherri, qe Brigidae vantur," in Ireland. e
GmALDUS CAIBR., Topograph hibernica, p. 206.
 . çOENBAC, Zt{ Tobios«q#n ZefleehrJfl fier

Gaelic Pioneers ot Chrsnanlty
also occurs in the formulas of blessings against
bad weather. 1
In the country parts of Britanny the popu-
larity of St. Brigid is still shown in various
ways.  Some years ago there was, in one of
the " chapelles frairiales " of Morbihan dedi-
cated to her, a very old wooden statue, all
worm-eaten, with the well-known emblems of
the Irish saint. In order to replace it, the
rector purchased a new statue, in fine plaster,
with gilt trimmings, representing St. Bridget of
Sweden. The people of the " frairie " pro-
tested : " They have changed out Sainte Bréhet ;
we won't have this one, and we shall bring her
no offerings." They were as good as their
word. The purveyor of the chapel sent in his
resignation. 3

deulsches Atterlun, XXlV, p. 185). Cf. L. GOUOAUD,
Etudc sur les loricae celtiques (Btdlet.in d'anc, lit. et d'archéol.
chrétne, I1, 1912, p. 125).
x . FAZ, Dic kirchlichen Benediktionen, Freiburg i.
r., 1909, p. 100, 101, 104.
 Ses A. LE Baaz, Zes ints bretons d'après  tradition
popuNire (As de Breyne, 1X, 1893-189, p. 44 s.} ;
PaVL SÉLT, Petite Nçende rée de la Haule-Bretaçne,
Nantes, 1897, p. 115 s.
z I bave the detMN fm the Very Rev. Canon Buleon,
parish priest of the eat.hedral o[ Vannes, who kindly sent
lhem to me the flth November. 1921.

Gaelic Piolxeers of Christianitv
Saint Columba, or Columcille, abbot of Iona
(]-597), was less known on the continent than
the preceding two. Nevertheless Adamnan, his
biographer and successor, affirms that by the
end of the seventh century tis naine had already
penetrated into Spain, the Gauls, beyond the
Pennine Aips, and even as far as Rome, capital
of ail cities, t Furthermore, the naine of the
holy Abbot is inscribed in the calendar of St.
Willibrord, which dates from the first years of
the eighth century, on the 9th of June, the
day of lais natalis. The editor o[ this calendar,
the Rev. H. A. Wilson, remarks that this com-
memoration is probably due to St. Willibrord's
relations »vith Ireland, where he spent a dozen
years of his lie. 2 The naine of this saint is
round associated with various superstitious lrac -
tices against storms, rires, and field rats. Here
is a charm which bas been preserved or us in
a manuscript of the fourteenth century in the
library of Munich :
Contra tempestatem isti tres versus
scribantur in cedulas quatuor et ponantur

 Vita Columbae, III, 23, ed. Fowler, p. 164-165.
a WILSON, op. cit., p. 32.
8

Gaelic Pioneers oi Christianity
ubter terram in quatuor pattes provincie :
-[" sancte Columquille, remove mala queque procelle,
î ut tunc orasti, de mundo quando migrasti,
quod tibi de celis Fromisit vox Nichaells. 1
Adamnan certainly speaks of the power the
saint obtained from heaven to command the
vinds, a power he used in various circumstances ;
but he nowhere says that this privilege was con-
ferred on him by the Archangel Michael. 
There exist very interesting variants of the
preceding formula. One runs as follows :
Sancte Columquille, remove dampna favilla
Atque Columquillus salvet ab igne domus. 8
As Mil be observed, it is against tire that St.
Columcille is here invoked. According to Irish
legend, it would in fact appear that he put out
a conflagration by singing the hymn Noli pater,

l_k. SCHOENB,kCH, inC Ali.81esc altdeufscher Segens-
forrncl» (Analecfa Graeci, ots.ia, Graz. 1893, p. 45) (Cod.
lat. hIonacensis 7021, xiv s.).
* Vita Colunbae, III. 24, 13. 163. On another occasion
the storm was calmed in response to a prayer of St. Cain-
nech (II, 13, p. 82-83).
e Ms. of Pembroke College, Oxford (fourteenih century).
MoW,T, Anecdota Oxoniensia (3[ediaeval and Modern
Stries), Oxïord, 1882. p. 3.

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
the composition of which bas been attributed
to him. 1
A sixteenth century rnanuscript, preserved in
the library of Linksping, in Sweden, gives the
following formula :
$ancta Kakwkylla
remove dampnosa fa«illa vel favilla
quod tibi de celis
concessit vox micaelis.
In this charm, which is evidently inspired by
the one at Munich, the word favilla bas, as in
the previous one, been substituted for procella;
furthermore, a female saint, hot otherwise
known, $ancta Kakwkylla, bas ousted St.
Columcille. This new personage bas never
ceased to puzzle folklorists. 3 Now they know
that this naine, absolutely unknown elsewhere,
arises from the written distortion of that of
Columcille. This distortion took place in Ger-
many. %at proves this to be the case is,

a Preface to the Noli Pater in the Ir.ish Liber Hymnom,m,
cited ed. II, p. 28.
* A. G. NOlF_, Altschwediches Lesebuch, Halle, 1802-
180, p. 08 s. (Nf. 180).
 W. DREXR, Noch e.inmal Sanc Kakabilla-Cuht-
bil (Zeit. des Vei, frit VooEsktte, VIII, 1808, p. 81-
42}. Cf. H. GAIvoz in $1élusi»e, XI, col. 3.

Gaelie Pioaecr of Christianity
in the first place, the following recipe against
rats :
Fur die ratzen schreib dise wort an vier ort in das haws
" Sanctus Kakukabilla," x
and, in the second place, it fs the statue of the
saint (here the change of sex has taken place)
which appears on the altar of the church o
the ancient monastery of Saint-Ulrich at Adel-
berg, in Wurtemberg, and which bears the in-
scription Cutubilla. A Fainting at Zeitldorn, in
Lower Bavaria, represents the same mysterious
emale saint. In both cases St. Cutubilla has
two mice at her feet. 
As the naine o the abbot of Iona was in
Latin written Columcilla, as fs seen by its in-
scription in the calendar of St. Willibrord, it
must have been thought that ts name de-
noted a female saint. This fs how the intruder
Cutubilla or Kakwkylla has become in German
folklore a rival to St. Gertrude o Nivelles or
the destruction o mice, rats, and field-mice. 

 W. DREXLER, loc. cit.
HEINIICH OTTE, Handbuch der klrchlichen Kunst-
Archaeologie des deutschen Mittellters, Leipzig, 1883, I,
p. 566 ; R. 2.NDItEE, Votive Weihgaben, p. 16 ; .l. ZII,;(}ERLIà
in t.he Zeitsch. des Ver. 1. Volkskande, I, p. 4,44.
a DREXLER, 10¢. cit.; I. ADREE, 10¢. cil.

II.--St. Brendan the Navigator

W HEN and under what form »vas the
marvellous story of the fabled voy-
ages of St. Brendan carried to the
continent ? It is not easy to answer this
question with precision. The oldest known
version of the legend appears to be the Navigatio
Brendani, a Latin composition which dates back
to the tenth or eleventh century. The Bene-
dictine chronicler Raoul Glaber, who lived in
the eleventh century, was already acquainted
with St. Brendan's Odyssey. 1 The most ancient
Anglo-Norman versified adaptation of the Navi-
gatio dates from c. xx2, and the Fon Sente Bran-
dan, the oldest German version, likewise goes
back to the twelfth century. 2 Subsequently the
Navigatio »vas translated in prose and verse into
almost every tongue of the West.
It is very probable that the Irish, who were

x IAOU GLABEI, Historiartm libri quique, II, 2 (Migne,
P.L., CXLII, p. 629 s.J. See C.L SINVEO, Die hand-
schriflich GeMalugen der laIeiiscben Naviga$io Brendani
{ Romcbe Fshugot, VII, 1893, p. 1 s.).
= W. , De Ueblefung d deuchen Braan.
leode, G6ttingen. 1918. p. 125.

Gaelic Pioneers oi Chrlstlanlty
scattered a little in every part, laboured to
spread the report of the adventures of the bold
sailor whom they promoted to the dignity of
" dean of the assembly of Saints," and even to
be the brother of Christ.* But the wonderful
yarns of which St. Brendan was the hero were
hOt received favourably everyvhere. There bas
corne down to us a thirteenth century poem in
which these wild excesses of the imagination
are severely handled. The authors of these
fairy tales would, in the opinion of the anony-
mous author of this piece, be far better em-
ployed in spending their time copying out the
Psalms of David or in reciting them in atone-
ment for their own sins or those of their brethren
than by stuffing them with such nonsense :
Expediret magis fratrem psallos David scribere
Vel pro suis atque fratrum culpis Deo psallere
Quam scripturis tam impuris idiotas fallere. 

 See above. One may still read, in an Irish poem
the eloventh century, these words addressed to St. Brendan
" Ancient Rome, ïull of delights, and Tours remain under
thy protection, etc." (KuIO
Gedicht auf Brendan den Meerfahrer, in the Sitzugsberichte
of the Academy of Berlin. CI. of philos, and hist., XXV,
1912, p. 440}.
I Ed. PAUL MEYER in Rmnania, XXXI, 1902,
878 ; ed. CIL PLU]gR. in "'.;foe 8tt}cfo,L«t Hibert, iae,

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
St. Brendan, whose legend filled so large a
space in the literature of the middle aes, bas
enjoyed only an insignificant part in the popular
traditions of continental countries. In the
cathedral of Giitrow (Mecklenburg-Schwerin)
the saint is represented holding a candle, xvhich,
according to legend, one day spontaneously lit
itselL In I495, during a conflagration which
broke out at Wittstock, the people of the district,
whose trades necessitated the use of tire, ruade
a vow to celebrate yearly the saint's festival
on the 29th of December.  As the reader may
bave possibly guessed, the association of the
naine of Brendanwith the flame of a candle
and with the conflagration at Wittstock arose
simply from the likeness existing between the
naine of the saint, which in German is written
Brandan or Brandon, and the word Brand, i.e.
tire, a word which in French bas produced the
vocable " brandon."
In the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth
centuries, St. Brendan still enjoyed great popu-
larity in the German provinces along the Baltic
coast. It bas been ascertained that the naine
Brandanus or Brandanies vas often ziven in

Gaelic l'loneers or tsarstlamty
baptism to children of all ranks, nobles, the
professional classes, merchants, mechanics and
lzeasants.
At Giistrow and its neighbourhood, St. Bren-
dan's day (in sunte Brandanins daghe, ara dage S.
Bradan) appears in fifteenth century contracts
as a popular date just like Michaelmas and the
Feast of St. Martin in other countries. In these
regions it was even customary to keep a triple
feast of St. Brendan, one on the I5th, I6th, or
x7th May, according to local particularities of
the calendar, another after the Whitsuntide
festival, and the third on 29th Deceaîaber. x
Some Mss. preserved in continental libraries
contain an Oratio Brendani, composed on the
lines of the Irish loricae. This prayer, of a very
pronounced superstitious flavour, appears to
bave enjoyed some popularity in the middle
ages. 2 St. Brendan vas invoked by persons
bitten by snakes. His naine appears also in
the formulas of ordeals by use of the Psalter?

 GfOTEFEND, Das Fest des heiligen Brandanus (Korres-
pondenzblatt des Gesammtvereins der deutschcn Geschichts
itd Alterlunsvereine, 57th year, 1909, 395-396).
a See my Etude sr les loricae celtiques (Bul. d'anc, lit. et
d'archéol, chrét., 1911, p. 265 s.}.
s IG., Forrnadae, ed. ZEUOER, Nf. 672. Cf. :k. F«-z,
Benedi.klionen, II, p. 174. 363, 391.

III.--The Missionary Monks: Saint
Columban and Saint Gall

AINT COLUMBAN left the imlrint of his
own strong character UlOn the monks
who had lassed beneath his severe
discilline. After his death, his influence con-
tinued to make itself felt through the agency
of his numerous discilles, many of whom llayed
a r61e of the first importance in the Church and
worldly society of the eighth century, x
Columban overran Neustria and Austrasia,
visited the banks of the Loire, Marne, and
Rhine, and crossed Switzerland on his way
to die at Bobbio in Italy in the year 6I 5. It
is there he lies buried.
The abbeys of Pffiffers and Einsiedeln in
Switzerland possess relics of the saint. 2 The
emperor Henry II caused an altar in the cathe-
dral of Barnberg to be placed under his naine

Gaelic Fioneers or {51rlstlanlty
and an altar of the abbatial church of Hirschau,
in the diocese of Spires, was in Io9I dêdicated
" to the holy fathers Benedict, Columba, Colum-
ban, Gall and Magnu." 
Verses in honour of St. Columban appear in
the tituli which Raban Maur composed for the
church of Fulda2 A cave, situated in a lofty
position about 1,5oo metres north-east of Anne-
gray, is credited with having once served as a
hermitage for the Irish saint. It still bears his
name, and the water which flows at the foot of
the rock is held to be miraculous. 3
The memory of St. Columban remains also
attached to two other caves in the neighbour-
hood of Bobbio. One of these is in the moun-
tain at La Spanna. According to popular tra-
dition, the saint had the habit of retiring there
from time to time. A hollow is shown on the
face of the rock which the countryfolk beliêve

ST. BEISSEL, Die lrerehtng der Heil.igen und hrer
Rcliqzden in Deutschlaad wïhrend der zweit Hlfte des
1itleMlters, Freiburg i. Br. 1892, p. 24.
M.G., Poet. carol., II, p. 208, 216.
See my article in Dict. d'arch, chrét., Colbar (Achéo.
loge de Saint), col 2196. eay. eom. of V«ivre, arr.

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
to be a miraculous imprint of his hand.  The
second cave, situated to the north-west of
Bobbio, is alleged to be the spot where the
abbot drew his last breath. 
The wells dedicated to St. Columban in
Germany and a prayer in old German (Segen
des hl. Columbanus), which forms part of a
collection of superstitious prayers of the six-
teenth century, prove that the saint was also
the object of popular vorship on Teutonic
soil. s

t Sec article cited above. Ci. D. Cx,so, Ian Colom-
bano, eua opera e suo culto in Liguria (Rivsta diocesana
Genovese, VI, 1916, p. 121-125). We rnay note, with
respect to this handprint, that St. lIagnus, who, according
t tradition, was a disciple of St. Gall, ha»ing crossed the
Leck in order to carry the Gospel into AllgKu, built a cell
for himself af the place since called Mangstritt (footprint of
Magnus} where in later rimes was built the monastery of
Fiissen. See M. OTT, article Maçnus in the Cath. Encyclo-
paedia and DAVID LEISTLE, Die Aebte des It. M¢gnusstiftes
in Fïtssen (ltudie u. 1litteilungen zut Gesch. des Bene-
diktiner-O'ràe.ns, N.F.I., 1911, p. 549 s.).
 See art. cited above in Dict. d'arch, chrét.
a H. WEINHOLD, Die Verehrung der Quellen in Deutsch-
land (Abhandlttngen of the Academy of Berlin, 1888, p. 37).
J. ]OLTE, Deutsche Seçen des 16 Jahrhunderts (Zeit. des
Verens f. Volkskunde, XIV, 11)04, p. 435}. ae saine
formula is round in NIS.kI-D, Histoire des livres potmlores
[Paris. 1854,. Il- p..t} with t.he na.mr of Colman. sot_ «,f

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
In Britanny, a country which nevertheless
the saint had hot crossed, he was anciently
honoured as can be gathered from the con-
siderable number of churches and chal0els dedi-
cated to him, and also from the Breton old
liturgical books.  At Locminé (Morbihan) for
centuries he bas been invoked for the cure of
mad and el0ilel0tic 10ersons. This exl01ains the
expression " Kas éan de Logouneh " (he must be
taken to Locminé "), which is the saine as say-
ing : he is mad. 
In many lands the cuit of St. Gall bas de-
veloFed step for ste F with that of his toaster
St. Columban, as at Piffers, Einsiedeln, Bam-
berg, Hirschau, and in Liguria. 3 In addition,
Stueckelberg enumerates some sixty Swiss
localities where St. Gall is (or was) venerated,

klng Tibery (s/c) of Ilibernia. There exists also a Latin
prayer attributed fo St. Columban (See my article Celtiques
(li|arqies) in the Dict. d'orch., col. 2986.
I See Colomban (Archéologie de Saint), col. 2196 ;
LOTH, Le nons des sai»ls bretons, Pzris, 1910, p. 25 ;
IF. DUINE], Memento des sources hagiographiques de l'histoire
de Bretagne, ]Rennes, 1918, p. 120 s.
 E. ERNaULT, in Mëlusine, XI, 208.
a STUECKELBERG, loc. ci.; BEISSEL, loc. cil.; D. CAIo
BSO, L'auto eccles«stico e le leste dei santi i Geno«o,
Genova. 1917. p. t8.

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
and more than a dozen German, Lorraine, and
Alsatian churches »vhich preserve some of Iris
relics or have been placed under lais name.l
St. Gall occupie8 an important place in the
popular devotions of Germany. He is reckoned
among the genii of fountains (Brunnenheiligen).
He is also invoked, notably in Bavaria, as a
Speisespender saint.  It is under this title he
appears in a gobiasseg«n or form of blessing for
the welfare of travellers :
Sante Galle diner spise pflege.
Sante Gêrdrût dir herberge gebe.«
(May St. Gall give you food and St. Gertrude a bed.)
His feast-day (I6th October) is a cardinal date

l Wittnau {in 809}, Weissenau (in 1172), Gallenweiler
(in 1173J, Murlmch, Cunstance, Ueberlingen (in 1B00J,
Reichenau, Metz, Seefelden, Zimmcrn, Bietkingen, Gute-
stein. Saint Blasien (E. A. STUECKELBERG, Die schweizer-
i8chen Hciligen des Mittelalters, Zi]rich, 1903, p. 51).
• WEINHOLD, lOC. Cil.
a M. HOEFLER, Die Kalender-heiligen als Krankheits-
atrone beim baycrischo Volk (Zcitschr. d. Ver. f. Volks-
kunde, I, 1891, p. 302).
 IUELLEN'HOFF and SC'HERER, Denkmïtler deutscber
Poesie und Prosa, Berlin, 1892, I, p. 189. On the 16th
October it was customary to bless wine destineà to comïort
fever patients. See t,he formda in FI.z, Benediktionen,
II, p. 478-479.

Gaclic Pioneers of Christianit¢
in the rustic calendar of Alsace, as the following
sayings show :
Selon que S. Gall le voudra,
L'été prochain se montrera.

Au jour de S. Gall, crac !
La pomme doit ëtre au sac.

A la Saint Gall la vache
Dans l'écurie se cache.

S. Gall, Dieu nous protège!
Laisse tomber la neige. 1

i p. I-I-TEI.ktUBEI, La Saint-Gall (Recuc des traditions
2»opulaire8, X, 1895, p. 602).

IV.--Saints Specially Honoured in
Belgium and France
HE story of St. Dimlhne, or Dympne,
bristles with obscure loints. Even
her Irish nationality remains in doubt.
Legend makes her the daughter of an Irish pagan
king. Secretly baltised , it is said that she fled
from ber native land in order to escale from a
shameful destiny. She is SUllosed to have
landed at Antverl and to have fixed her resi-
dence at Gheel. Her father, according to the
legend, having discovered the llace of her re-
treat, crossed the seas to secure her, and finally
slew her with his own hand. This saint is
thought to have lived in the sixth or seventh
century; but the earliest known reference to
the veneration laid to this virgin and martyr
goes back no further than the middle of the
thiiteenth century. 1
She has an altar in the béguinage of Hasselt

 . VN DER ESSE., Etude critique et litlér«ire sur l
Vitae d saids l&oïiçies de l'aciemte
uvain. 10o7, p. 31ff.

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
(Belgian Limburg), anotler in tle clurcl of
Saint-Quentin in the saine town, and a third
at Herck-la-Ville ;* but sle is more particularly
venerated at Gheel (Province of Antwerp),
wlere she is invoked for the care of the insane
for whom tlat city las provided a large estab-
lishment.
Formerly it was custornary to subject persons
to a treatrnent which consisted in making them
crawl nine rimes beneath St. Dympne's ceno-
taph. The spot where this rite xvas performed
is called by tle countryfolk kruip huise (the
creeping louse). " The IStt of May, festival
day of the martyr, ganging (a general pilgrimage)
takes place, and hundreds of peasant men and
wornen of the neighbourhood, who are neither
mad nor sick, pass beneatl tle cenotaph. ''
In tle footsteps of St. Fursa (t c. 65o ) and
of his two brothers Foillan and Ultan, whom
tle Belgians call Feuillen and Ultain, one treads
on more solid ground.  The official cult of

i ]. BRASSIn'NE, 0]9. Cit., p. 85.
 H. G^iDoz, Un veu.r ite rndcal (ltlélusi'ae, VIII,
col. 252).
s Ste Chrtientés celtiques, p. 150 s.

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
Fursa goes back to Merovingian times. 1 He is
the patron of Péronne, where his tomb is pre-
served, and of seven other parishes of the dio-
cese of Amiens. Several chapels and wells also
keep alive his memorv in Picardy. 2
The tomb of St. Fursa was a spot beloved
by Irish piety. Foillan and Ultan were among
the first to cross the sea to visit it as pilgrims.
Foillan did not stay long in the monastery of
Péroqne ; soon he went to dwell at Nivelles,
another place where the Scotti were personae
grat,e. 
Foillan received as a gift from Itta, wife of
Pipin II, Mayor of the Palace, and mother of
St. Gertrude of Nivelles, the land of Fosses on
which he founded a monastery. He perished,
murdered by brigands, in the forest of Seneffe.
The town of Fosses still holds his memory in
high veneration. Every seventh year it cele-
brates, amid a great concourse of pilgrims and
much ceremony, the procession or march of

 L. DELISLE, op. cit., p. 310.
a NORBERT FRLkRT, Histoire d S. Fursy, de S. Feuillen
et de S. Ultain, Lille [1913], p. 462.
 VAN DE ESSE, op. cit., p. 2. 82, 151. CI. V. LEO,
in the Weuts«b.e ZlscIfift fi GescblcMe t. K,,,st. XN'VII.
1009. p. 503.

Gaelic Pioneers oI Çhrlstlanlty
St. Foillan. Tle neighbouring llaces send as
their delegates armed " cornlagnies." It takes
nearly the vhole day to bear the bust of the
saint over the traditional course. At eacl
station---of which there are seven--the " com-
lagnies " tire a salure. 1
Liège, which bas a clurch dedicated to St.
Brigid, las another under the invocation of St.
Foillan, as bave also Omezée and other 13elgian
towns and villages? Devotion to St. Foillan
las even reached Aix-la-Chalelle, wlere a Iarisl
churcl and a guild, both very old, are llaced
under his latronage. 3
The most ancient Fita Gertrudis was written
shortly after tle death of that abbess by a monk

x :E. C. DELCHAtBRE, Ve de S. Feuillen, Namur, 1861,
p. 211 s. C. LIX OUSSEAU, Legérldes et cofue8 d.u
ays de Nageur, Brussels, 1920, p. 108 s. The septeil
procsion of St. Foillan was celebrated on the 25th p-
lember, 921. I ara indebd for this iormation fo
Ursmer Berlière, O.S.B., who had the ndness to send me
the deiled programme of the festival.
 BRASSagE, op. cit., p. 87 ; T. A. W, lrish
in Beigium (Eccles. Ri, XXXlX, 1908, p. 125}.
 KoR, op. cit., p. 64-65. The existence of this church
is attted by  document dated 24th Match, 1166.
HOEN, Geschichte d St. Foilarskrche zu Aacen, A.chen,
892. p.
5o

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
of the double monastery of Nivelles. The author
relates that on the eve of ber death Gertrude
sent a brother to Ultan, abbot of Fosses, to ask
if he could foretell vhen she should give back
ber soul to God. Ultan gave the following
ansver to ber messenger : " To-day is the ITth
of the calends of April [i.e. 6th March]; to-
morrow the soul of the virgin Gertrude will
leave ber body. Tell her to have no fear.
She may die ,,ithout a tremor and joyously
depart, for the blessed bishop Patrick gets
ready, with the chosen angels of God, to re-
ceive ber into glory." 1 The prophecy came
true next day: Gertrude died the lTth March
of the year 659-
From the earl¥ middle ages ber cult was
spread, hot onl¥ over Brabant, Flanders, and
the north of France, but also along the banks
of the Rhine and in Germanv. In all these
countries very many churches and chapels bear
ber naine.  As to the popular devotion offered
to ber, none greater flourishes. Guardian of

I31

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
wells, 1 harbinger of Slring,  latroness of gar-
deners,  destroyer of rats and field mice, «
bringer of leace,  above all else, however, she
was invoked as the wotectress of travellers and
purveyor of good lodgings. « In order to ob-
tain ber favour before setting out on a journey,
it was customary to drink the viaticum called
Gertrudis amorem, the Sinte Geerts Minne of the
Flemish countries, the Gertrudenminne of Ger-
naany, a custom which goes back very far,
and recalls the ohannisminne always held in
great esteem in the lands of southern Gernaany. 

I WEINHOLD, fOC. Cit.
 " Ara Gertrudentage steht der Bar auf " (Tyrol) ; " Um
Gertraud geht die W/trm von der Erd' auf " (BavaI-ia),
sayings quoted by J. ZINGER.LE, Johannissegen und Ge.-
trudenminne (,itzm9sberichte of thc Academy of Vienna :
Cl. of phih)s, and hist., XL, 1862, p. 221).
a ZIN(]ER.LE, Op. Cit., p. 222 ; 2NDREE, Votive tVeihgabeL
p. 12.
a ZINGER.LE, 0p. cit., p. 221-222.
a See TH. FXSCHEn.'S note af p. 104 of his Mredy quoted
edition of the Carmen sotlricum of ICHoLAS DE BIBRA ;
GRi. Deutsche Mythologie, 2nd. ed., p. 53, 797, 798.
 " Sante Gêrtmît dit herberge gebe " {.IuLLENHOFF and
CH'ER.ER., op. Ct., I, p. 189 ; ZINGER.LE, op. cit., p. 225 ;
J. WER.NER., Beitrage zut Kunàe der lateinischen Lieratur
des Mittel«lt«rs, A«trau, 1905, p. 182.
 On the antiquity of this custom, see ZINOEtLE, op. cit.
and chiefly FaNz. Benediktionen, I. p. 289-290. According
 .2

Gaclic Pionecrs of Christianity
It was also reputed that Gertrude of Nivelles
received the dead on their leaving this world :
" Aliqui dicunt quod quando anima egressa est,
tunc prima nocte pernoctabit cure beata Ger-
trude, secunda nocte cure archangelis, sed tertia
nocte vadit sicut definitum est de ea."
»vas also invoked as the patroness of a good
death :
0 pia Gertrudis, quae pacis commoda cudis
Bellaque concludis, nos caeli mergito ludis. -
For an explanation of this devotion we must
probably look to the circumstances of the
death of the abbess herself, St. Patrick with
angels acting as ber usher into the heavenly
court.

to an addition [later ihan the eleveni.h century] to the
Vita Gertrudi,s triparlita (ch. XIV), the cutom of drinking
" to the love of Gertrude " was already in usage it tocius
Au.striac et Alimaniae )artoEus : "" Cuncti perte volentes
peregre proficisci seu de loco ad locum peragrare devotionis
gratia in sanctae Gertrudis amore et honore vini seu
alterius liquoris potabilis haustum, qui sente Gcrtmtd
theutonice, latine amor sanctae Gert«.udis dicitur, absce-
dendo sumere consuevissent." (VAN DER ESSEN, 09.
p. 11).
i Ms. of fifteenth ceutury. Cf. Jo A. SCHA[ELLER, in the
Zc£g. f. d¢zfches Altertu», I, 1841, p. 423.
- See TH. FISCHEICS note quoted above.

I33

Galic Pioncers of Christianity
The coincidence of the festival of the virgin
of Nivelles with that of the patron of Ireland,
and the remembrance of the very special pro-
tection she vouchsafed to the monks of Erin,
must have rendered ber memory dear to al1
Irishmen ; and it is permissible to believe that
they, remarkable propagandists as they were,
had something to do with spreading so widely
and deeply the great devotion to this saint.

This is the place to mention the names of
some of the peregrini minores, disciples of St.
Columban, like St. Desle (or Deicola), or coin-
panions of St. Fursa and of iris two brothers,
like St. Algise, St. Maugille, and St. Gobain. 1
We are ahnost completely without historical
data dealing with these secondary personages ;
but they still occupy a certain place in the
folklore of the north and east of France, and
for that reason they deserve some notice.
In the course of lier wanderings in these
regions, Margaret Stokes came across two wells
of St. Desle near the village of Saint-Germain,

I Sec above, Part I, section 2. rhe Forest of St.
wa the scene of heavy flghting in the late wnr.

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
rive kilometres from Lute (Haute-Sa6ae), a
town »vhich owes its origin to a monastery of
which St. Desle was first abbot. The water of
one of these wells is possessed of healing virtues
for childish maladies as is vouched for by the
remains of children's clothing hung around as
ex-votos. Miss Stokes gives a sketch of this
well. Other illustrations of her book depict
the well of St. Algise at the village of the canton
of Vervins (Aisne) which bears the naine of this
saint, and three wells of Saint Fursa, one at
Lagny (Seine-et-Marne), where the abbot dwelt
some rime on arriving in Gaul, another at
irohen (Somlie) where ]le died, and the third
at Péronne. t
Another Irishman, St. Fiacre, a contemporary
of St. Gertrude, shares with her the patronage of
gardeners. Very few assured details about his
career are known. We learn only that he round
a protector in St. Faro, Bishop of Meaux, who
had already encouraged yet another Irishman,
St. Kilian, to settle at Aubigny, in the out-
skirts of Arras. Faro ruade over to Fiacre a
property situated at Breuil, who there established

i f. STOKES, ForeM8 of France, p. 111, 177, 196, 203j
and 229.

I35

Gatlic l'mucers or thrstmty
a hermitage and built a guest-house tor foreign
travellers.' These bave since resulted in the
existing village of Saint-Fiacre, where for cen-
turies numbers of pilgrims bave gathered in
search of health, a
St. Fiacre was one of the most popular saints
of ancient France. He was invoked for the
cure of a great variety of ills. In Alsace those
who are afflicted with a certain disease, about
which we will speak more fully when dealing
with St. Monus, bave recourse to him2 In
Britanny, this Irish saint bas under his invo-
cation a chapel well known for the elegance of
its architecture and the beauty of its rood-loft.
Around tkis chapel, which stands two kilo-
metres ffom Le Faouët, is held a pardon, but,

1 See Chrét. celliques, p. liŒEE.
= Canton of Crécy (Seine-et-Marne}. Indulgences were
already granted to pilgrims by Philip, bishop of/leuux, in
1227 tCf. IARTENE, De antq. Eccl. ritibus, V, 16 ; vol. III,
p. 283).
 L. DU Btoc DE SEGANGE, Ie8 8a8 oEroi8 de8 co'-
poratons et protecteurs spécialeraent invoqatés dans les
maladies, Paris, 1888, lI, p. 204 s. "Fiacrius ist der
typische Syphilisheilige des Elsasses" (L. PFLEGER, Das
Auflreten der Syphilis in Strassbatrg . . . atnd der Kult des
bi. Fiacrits, in the Zeit. f. die Gcschicbte des Oberrhcins,
new series, XXXIII. 1918, 19. 169).
x36

Gadic Pionccrs of Christianity
in all the Morbihan, the chaFel o[ St. Fiacre at
Radenac is the most frequented. 1 Few people
are aware that the vehicle which is now bdng
eclipsed by the taxi-car owes its name to this
Irish hermit of the seventh century. A man
named Sauvage was the first to let out on hire
carriages known originally as the rive sous
coaches (the rate for hiring was only rive sous
the hour) from his establishment in the rue
Saint-Martin in Paris. It was a large house
known as the hotel Saint-Fiacre from its sign-
board which represented the saint. The naine
was passed on from the hotel to tlie carriages. *
The chier town in a canton of Finistère bears
the naine of 8aint-Renan. In his fine book
Au pays des pardons Anatole Le Braz sketches
the legend of St. Ronan, or Renan, a solitary
of the seventh century, »vho would appear to
have corne from Ireland to Armorica, and whose

 There is also a village of Saint-Fiacre in the canton of
Plouagat, arrondis, of Guingamp (CStes-du-Igord).
2 See the wor4 " fiacre " in Littré's Dictionary. The
explanaiion given by Bertlmumieu does hot appear to be
well grounded. He says : "' These ILired velficles were t.hus
naine4 because af ftrst they were 4estined to jaunt the
Parisian crowd to Saint-Fiacre-de-Brie " {Fëtes et dévotios
poptlaircs. Paris. 1873, p. 245).

Gaelic Pioncers oi Cbistianit)'
remains are venerated at Locronan. A septen-
nial procession, called the OEroménie de S. Ronan,
defiles the second Sunda¥ of Jul¥ along the
flanks of Nénez-Hom, on the land of four
parishes : Locronan, Quéménéven, Plogonnec
and Plounérez-Porza¥. The pilgrims of the
Troménie [ollow a traditional route which bas
hot varied for centuries, a route borrowed from
the uncertain tracks St. Ronan himself vas
wont to tread fasting. 
In order to find another Irish saint who is
still in out own da¥ venerated on French soil,
we must pass from the shores of the Atlantic
into Savo¥. In the ancient church of Lemenc,
on a height overlooking the town of Chambéry,
is preserved the shrine of Concord (his rem
naine was Conchobhar Mac Concoille), arch-
bishop of Armagh, who died in the odour of
sanctity in the Benedictine priory of Lemenc
on his wa¥ back to his diocese from Rome in
the year 75 . The memor¥ of the saintl¥

t A. LE BItAZ, Au pays des pardons, Paris [1900], p. 259 s.
Do F. PLAINE, Le tombeau nonumtal et le pèlinage de
. Ran (Rete de l'aN chrétien, 2nd. series, XI, 1879,
p. 278-285).
 GAI$, 8es isçopotm, p. 207 ; Anna of the Four
,asts, for the year 1175, ed. O'Donov«n, III, p. 22-23.
38

Gaelic Pioueers of Christi«nity
archbishop has been kept in great veneration
in the district. " For a quarter of a century
[we may now say for three-quarters of a century]
archbishops of Armagh have several times been
seen, on their journey from Ireland to Rome, to
stop at Chambéry, either going or returning, in
order to venerate the remains of their illustrious
predecessor. One of them, ligr. Dixon [ 1866]
even solicited and obtained permission frolrt
IMgr. Billiet, archbishop of Chambéry, to carry
to Ireland a considerable portion of one of the
bones of the saint." 1
A confraternity of St. Concord was estab-
lished at Lemenc in 1643. The feast of the
saint is celebrated on the 4th June, the anni-
versary day of his death. He was the second
rchbishop of Armagh to die in France. A few
years earlier, in  48, the celebrated St. blalachy
had expired at Clairvaux in the arms of St.
Bernard, »»'ho has left us his biography.

a [[. GAIDOZ. Un saint rlar, das en 8avoie {Remte celtique,
VIII, 1887, p. 165-168); TIEPIER, Recherches historique
¢r le décanat de ,Saint-Adré de atoie, Chnmbry, p. 201
{a work quoted by I. Gaidoz).
r39

V.--Saints $pecially Honoured in
German Lands

T. Kilian, bishop of Wurzburg and apostle
of Franconia, was put to death with
two of his companions, the priest Colo-
man and the deacon Totnam, about the year
64o. He is reverenced as a martyr. Churches,
chapels, wells and mountains bear his name in
Gcrman lands, t In the collegiate church of
Essen there was an a]tar dedicated to St. Kilian,
and, prior to the translation of St. Liborius's
relics to Paderborn (836), the Irish martvr was
co-patron of the cathedral of the last named
city. 
Sch6nbach bas published a curious text con-
taining a list of saints who will be called upon
to present for the last judgment the nations
which respectively tlaey had evangelized: St.
Peter will corne forward with Judoea, St. Paul

t HISSEL. p. 24 ; KORTH, p. 108-109 ; *VEINHOLD, p. 87 |
LIOEFLER, 1. 299.
 Fit. A-r'xs, Dcr Liber ordinori« der Es«nrr Silftlirche
Essen, 1901, p. 257.

x4 o

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
with the Gentiles, St. Andrew with Achaia, St.
John with Asia, St. Thomas with India, St.
Rupert of Salzburg will present the Bavarians
and St. Kilian the Franconians.
We have very few precise data about St.
Fridolin. It does hOt appear to be absolutely
certain that he came from Ireland; but he is
considered to be the founder of the abbey of
8ickingen on the Rhine to the soutb, of the
Black Forest, in the sixth century; and from
that spot his apostolical activity was felt through-
out the Brisgau. In Alsace-Lorraine, $witzer-
land, Austria, $outhern Germany and, above
all, in the Black Forest, the countryfolk hold
him in the highest respect. 2 In these lands St.
Fridolin is regarded, like several Irish saints
with whom we bave already dealt, as the pro-
tector of horned cattle (Rinderheiliger) and

x Ms. 1756 in the Vienn. Library (fol. 4). As regards
St. Patrick, as we bave seen above, an ancient Irish belief
claires that he will be deputed fo judge the lrish. Accord-
ing to a less extravagant belicf, Patrick, likc the sainis
named above, will only be called upon to present the Irish
for the Last Judgment.. See the hymn of Fiacc lrish
.Liber Hymnorum, II, p. 33 and J. B. BURY, The Lire of 8l.
Patrick, London, 1905, p. 319-320.
t See HERaNN I.0. Der lleiliger Frdol-ln, Freiburg i.
13r,. 1886, book V.

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
horses. Formerly, at Ewatingen, near Bonn-
dorf, the rector used to bless the horses on the
saint's festival day, the 6th blarch. At Ober-
schwoerstadt, near $i:kingen, at Ehrenstetten,
and at Kirchpofen, near Staufen, it is the
custom to »»-ait for the Friedlesfcst before placing
thc yoke on young bullocks or leading calves
from the cattle-shed across the village to the
watering-ælace. On the 6th March, there is a
great assembly of æilgrims at Sickingen, where
rest the bones of St. Fridolin. 
Under the naine of St. Monus, or Mannus,
invocation is still ruade in German country parts
to a suææosed Irish æersonage who is represented
with a handbell and a æig, after the manner of
St. Antony. Monus is the patron of marriage,
and furthermore he shares with St. Fiacre and
St. Leonard, »vhose lire is as shadowy as his
own, the ærivilege of healing from the sickness
known to the æeasants of Southern Germany
as the Monuskrankbeit, and which is nothing
else than the worst form of venereal disease.
His feast falls on the 2Eth July. 

i E. I:l'. MEYEI, Badisches Volksleben ira neozeb, nten
Jahrhunàert, Strassburg, 1900, p. 406-407.
 OEFLEB, op. cit., p. 299,

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
The celebrated abbey of Melk, which do-
minates the Danube, is one o the most FoFular
places of pilgrimage in Austria. There sleeps
the Irish St. Coloman in a tomb raised for him
by the emperor St. Henry. Coloman was on
his way to the Holy Land when he was assas-
sinated at Stockerau near Vienna, in Ioz, by
people who mistook hinl for a spy. I The popu-
lar voice bas ruade him a martyr. His cuit is
hOt confined to Melk. In the Palatinate, in
Suabia, in Bavaria, in Austria and in Hungary,
when it is hOt St. Fridolin who is invoked, it is
to St. Coloman peolole have recourse for the
protection or healing of their horses and horned
cattle. 2 Chapels in his honour are very
numerous in those countries. They are generally
erected in open spaces and for choice on heights.
On the feast day of the saint, I3th October,
and on other days in the year, the animals are
brought to these chapels to receive the priest's
blessing.

1 Se Chréto celfique, p. 17.
I flq'DREE, op. cit., 12. 88 and 6{} s.'- Kurgefa$te Gcchic.e
von dem heil . . • Kolomann . .., Vienna, 1774, p. 44-46 ;
C. $tr.«Iz, S. Koloman der einstige Schutzpatron NiederSster.
r¢cs, Linz, 1916.

x43

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
In the wood of Saint-Coloman, near to
136'amenkirch (Wurtemberg) may be seen an
old chapel falling into ruins. Up to the end of
the eighteenth century pilgrimages were ruade
to it from a dozen neighbouring parishes on
Whit Monday. It vas nothing unusual to
count from 4oo to 5oo horses in the wood.
The head of St. Coloman was exposed at the
door of the chapel. After the traditional
blessing the horses circled three rimes around
the building.
At Hohenschwangau, near Fiissen, in Bavaria,
the blessing of cattle and horses still takes place
on the 13th October. After the ceremony, some
thirty mounted horses, having once made the
round of the chapel, go off at a gallop in the
direction of Schwangau. 1 Votive wells dedicated
to St. Coloman are often to be seen close to
his chapels. 2 This Irish saint is also invoked
bv marriageable maidens who address him as
follows :
" Heiliger Sankt Kolomann,
O schenk' mir auch ein' lIann,
Aber nur kein' Roten ! " 3

x NDREE, op. cit., p. 66.
 lZ[OEFLER, p. 301-30 : WEINHOI,D. I'- 37.
"» OEFLER. ]oP.

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
Lastly, recourse was had to St. Coloman
against pestilence. In 73, 1V[elk offered to its
patron a wax candle weighing 7 ° lbs. to obtain
for the population protection Irom the scourge
which was then devastating Austria. x

The Irish passion for long voyages and ad-
venturous expeditions was so well known to
continental writers of the middle ages and later
centuries that they came to speak ot it as being
in some sort a proverbial truth. The blood of
the Celt carries him to distant lands :
" Keltisch Blut treibt in die Ferne." 
English humour bas compressed this truth of
experience into the familiar saying : Pat is never
at home but when he is abroad. " Aucun peuple,
en effet," aflïrms Samuel Berger, " n'a jamais
été plus voyageur ni plus noblement inspiré de
l'ardeur missionnaire." » It must, however, be
well understood that it vas hOt only saints, or,

X AxDREE, p. 81 ; G. DEPPISCtt, Geschichte des hL
Coloman{, Vienna, lï84, p. 205.
SCFL, Der Trompet von Sdckin9 {3rd. cnto :
Der Fridolimtstag), Stuttga, 1859, p. 45.
Histoire de  Vuate pendant l rers Mècs du
moy dçe, Pris, 1893, p. 46.
o I45

Gaelic Pioneers of Chrisuamt.
if it be preferred, candidates to sanctity whom
the flowing tide of emigration swept far from
their island home. We bave dealt in the first
part of this study with those vagabond clerics
and monks, with those episcopi vagantes, whose
unseemly and turbulent activity estranged from
them the sympathy of some continental people. 1
One may recall the witticisms of Nicholas of
Bibra against the Scotti of Erfurt. About
two hundred years earlier (tenth or eleventh
centuries), a certain Garnier of Rouen attacked
still more violently an Irish poet of doubtful
morality called Moriuh. 2 On one hand, re-
proach is cast on some of these wandering
strangers for their heterodox or too bold
opinions; on another, they are mocked for
their boastfulness, their quarrelsome humour,
their odd way of dressing, or for their hagio-
graphic dithyrambs inspired by a ridiculous
fanaticism. 2

i Soc a.bove. Part 1. Ch. III.
s Il. O.io.'w. Satire de Garnier de Bm«en contre le poète
3loriubt {Annuairc-bnllHh de la soc. de l'Mstrc de France,
XXXI, 89g, p. 93-20).
a 'ICOLAUS DE IBERA. 0. cit. ; GARNIR DE OUEN,
0. Cit.; JOCELIN DE BRAKELOND, Chroi«t, 35. Cf.
celt., p. 160-161 and the anonymoua satire against the
Brondan fable-makers.

I46

Gaelic Pionet-rs ot Christianit»
But nearly ail these criticisms are addressed
to the rcar divisions of the pilgrim bands, to
the lost childrcn who constituted the worthless
camp followers, the wasted material, the flotsam
and jetsam, of the emigration. From the tenth
to the eleventh century the salt of charity was
already losing its savour, and missionary fervour
had almost grown cold. 1
On the contrary, in order to describe the
great figurcs of the heroic age--a Columban, a
Gall, a Fursa and their imitators--the conti-
nental writers of those times cannot find suffi-
ciently fitting expressions of praise.  The case
xve bave just drawn up proves beyond cavil
that the saints of this period exerted a very

 Nevertheloss an Irish bishop, called John, obtained
the martyr's palm in llecklenburg, in 1066, aller baptizing
several thousands of pagans in northern Gel'laïany. About
this naarlyr see Adam of Brenaen ( 106), Gesta Harnrna.
ba«rgensis ecclesiae pontifica«m, lI1, 20, 50, ï0 {MG. Scrip-
lotes, Vil, p. 848, 855. 866-867) and J. FIS(laER, Kann
Bisho] Johannes ous lï'land rnit Recht ols vrster Moï'lyrer
Arnerikas bezeichnel ueràen ? (Zeitschrifl ]iir kalholisches
 heologie, XXIV, 1900, p. 756-758).
-*See Chï'ét. celt., p. 293-294, nd also Vita Samson4$
(Boll. Acta Sanct., Jtfly, VI, 582), WHI'ERRY OF SI¢T-
TIOI, ZD, Vita R«moldi, I (Ibid., July, II, 215), Vita Sanctae
Odae, II, 14 (GHESUIRI, Acla Satct. B«Igi, 1788, VI,
p. 629), etc.
x47

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
deep influence on tlxe peoples tlxey eitlaer le3 or
won back to the Gospel faitla. From generation
to generation the country people have mysteri-
ously handed down tlae names of these strangers,
invoking their supernatural power for the pro-
tection of the inmates of their stables, their
principal wealth.
Death itself did not put a stop to the pere-
grinations of these transmarini. Thelr relics
passed from monastery to monastery, from
church to church, and with them »vent all those
attributes of folklore to which their names remain
attached with remarkable persistence. On the
other hand, a good deal of superstition is
minglêd with the popular worship accordêd to
the old saints from Ireland. The wind which
wafts good seed disperses also in every direction
the seed of tares and weeds. It is, however, no
less definitely established that these ardent
apostles sent new currents of religious lire
throughout Christendom, and that several among
them proved to be incomparable spiritual guides
to souls. Their zeal, their courage, their personal
virtues, the warmtlx of their faith bave largely
coatributed to assure them their long continued
popularity.
I48

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
But there is yet another thing which helps
to explain their success. No one is a prophet
in his own country. The history of the Church
dernonstrates the truth of that evangelical say-
ing in a rnanner which is fairly disconcerting to
hurnan conceptions. St. Martin, the great
apostle of Gaul, carne to us frorn Pannonia ;
St. Boniface, the national patron of Gerrnany,
was an Englishrnan. England was evangelised
by the Roman monk Augustine and his corn-
Fanions sent by Pope St. Gregory. As to
Ireland herself, it is to the neighbouring island
that she owes ber St. Patrick.
The Irish rnissionaries carne frorn a rnysterious
land, lost in the mists of the ocean which ebbed
and flowed at the furthest extrernity of the
inhabited world. Weird legends were afloat
about that land. Especially was it said that
holiness flourished there more than anywhere
else, and that it worked wonders : " Locus vere
sanctus fecundusque sanctorurn, copiosissirne
fructificans Deo," says St. Bernard in sFeaking
of the rnonastery of Bangor, the cloister of St.
Corngall and St. Columban. He adds that the
swarms of saints (examina sanctorum) »vho
spread over Europe in the train of the last men-

Gaelic Pioneers of Christianity
tioned saint might well make one think that
the words of David : " Thou visitest the earth
and blesseth it, Thou makest it very plenteous"
had been written beforehand for them. 1
Ail these reasons ioined together explain ho»v
the heroes of Christian Ireland bave corne to
occupy an unique place in the age-long tra-
ditions of foreign peoples.

t Vila Malachiae, V[, 12 {I[olg. P.L., CLXXX[[, 1082),
,_qt. Bernard of Clairvaur's Lire of 81. Malachy translated b¥
H. J. L_WLO, London, 1920, p. 29.

INDEX

Aalen, 102.
Abban (St.), 4.
Abel of lheims, 22.
Abraham, 7.
-- (L.), 92.
Achaia, 141.
Adalbero I, 83.
-- II, 84.
Aàam of Bremen, 147.
Adamnan, 6, 50, 57, 69, 103,
113, 114.
Adelberg, 110.
Aghaboe, 21.
Agilbert, 57.
Agilus (St.), 10, 32, 74.
Agricola, 8.
Aidan (St..), 73.
Ailbe (St.), 30.
Aisne, 77.
Aix-la-Chapelle, 130.
Alberic of Cambrai, 47.
Alcuin, 6, 30, 40, 43, 45, 46,
50, 57, 65, 79.
Aldfrid, 57.
Aldhelm of Sherborne {St.),
66.
Alemannia, 98.
Algeis (St.), 19.
Algise (St.), 134, 135.
Allaria (A.), 111.
Allg/£u, 123.
klps, 113.

INDEX
Alsace, 11, '79, 98, 125, 126,
130, 141.
Alto, 21.
Altomïmster, 21.
Amay, 111.
Amiens, 129.
Anastasitm (Pope), 8.
 (the Librarian), 51.
Andreas, 104.
Andree (R.), 102, 110, 132,
143-145.
drew (St.), 141.
Anglo-Normans, 117.
Anglo-Saxons, 7, 10, 32, 62,
64.
Angouleme, 23.
Animchad, 89.
Annegray, 122.
Ansoald of Poitiers, 23, 78.
Antony (St..), 142.
Antwerp, 127, 128.
Apollonius of lhodes, 58.
Arbois de $ubainville
d'), 23, 34, 45, 57.
Ardennes, 83.
Arens (F. R.}, 140.
Argonne, 20.
Armagh, 37, 138, 139.
Armorica, see Britanny.
Arnanus of Cahote, 15, 28,
90.
Arnold (Th.), 68. 69.

Gaelic Pioneers

Arras, 11, 185.
Arx (I. von), 12.
Asia, 141.
Atkinson (Robert), 56, 103.
Atlantic, 188.
Aubigny, 11, 185.
Augustine of Hippo (St.),
25.
-- of Canterbury (St.),
149.
Ausonius, 57.
Austrasia, 121.
.kustria, xv, 90, 97, 188,
141, 148, 145.
Authie, 72.
Auxerre, 66, 70.

Baltic, 119.
Bamberg, 121, 124.
Bangor, 87, 55, 57, 149.
Basil (St..), 9.
Basle, 109, 110.
Bateson (Mary}, 16.
Bathild, 15-17.
Bavaria, 80, 00, 11{5, 125,
132, 141, 143,
Beaulieu, 20.
Becker (G }, 46.
Bede {Ven.), 6, 10, 17, 18,
57, 59, 64,, 65, 70, 71, 73.
Beiseel (Stephan), 122, 140.
Belgium, 18, 20, 98, 101,
107, 130.
Benchell, 53.
Benedict (St.). xviii. 8. 14,
122.

of Christianity
Berger (Smuel), 53, 72, 145,
Berlière {D. Ursmer), 86,
130.
Bernard (St.), 89, 40, 189,
149, 150.
-- (5. H.), St, 5{}, 108.
Bernaville, 13.
Berry, 14.
Berthoumieu, 137.
Bertin (St.), 15, 79.
Bietkingen, 125.
Billiet (Mgr.), 189.
Birlinger (A.), 102.
Bishop (Edmund), 26, 48.
Black Forcer, 141.
Blandus, 53.
Bobbio, xix, 11-14, 81,
82, 97, 110, 121-123.
Bodmann (F. 5.), 108.
Bohemia, 91.
Bohmenkirch, 144.
Bollandus (5.), 5.
Boite (J.), 128.
Bonet-Maury (G.}, 9, 10.
Boniface, St., 21.22, 25,
33, 72, 149.
Bonndorf, 142.
Boreas, 54.
Boulogne, 72.
Bourges, 81.
Brabant, 131.
Brassine (Joseph), 107, 128,
180, 181.
Brendan (St.), 104, 105, 117,
120, 146.
Breuil, see St. Fiacre.
Bridger of Sweden (St-.. 112.

r.4

Index

Brie, 9, 17.
Brigld (St.), 101, 103-108,
112, 130.
Brisgau, 141.
Britanny, 70, 71, 101, |12,
124, 136, 137.
Britons, 3, 79.
Broilum, see St.. Fiacre.
Brunehaut, 9.
Buleon, (J.), 112.
Buo (St.), 50.
Burchardus, 6.
Durndofara, see Far.
Burgundy, 9.
Bury (. B.), 4, 2L 141.

Cabrol (D. F.), 102.
Cadoc (St.), 57, 65.
Oadroë (St.), 6, 7, 31, 70, 72,
83.
Cahors, 14, 23, 78.
Cainnech (St.), 114.
Calloc'h (Jean-Pierre), x.v.
Calmer (D.), 84.
Cambiaso (D.), 110, 111,
123, 124.
Cambri, 47, 48, 78.
Canterbury, 63, 72.
Carloman, 76.
Carolingians, 5, 81, 44, 50.
Cashel, xii.
Cassian, 9.
Celchyth (Chelsea ), 27.
Celcstine (Abbot), 20.
Ccllanus, St., 19. 56.
o,hd {St.), 73.

Chaidoc, 19, 72.
Chalon-sur-Sane, 26.
Chambry, 138, 139.
Champagne, 4.
Charles the Bald, 50-52, 62,
63, 66, 76, 81.
-- the Fat, 82.
-- the Great, xiii, 28, s.;
42, 8.; 60, 71, 79, 81.
Chelles, 100 16.
China, xxi.
Cholomannus, see Coloman.
Ciaran (St.), 4.
Cilicia, 63.
Clairvaux, 139, 150.
Claudius of Spain, 43.
-- of Turin, 47.
Clemens (hcrctic}, 25.
-- (magister), 43-45, 65,
71, 75.
Clonard, 38, 55, 56.
Clonfert, 38, 55.
Clonmacnois, xii, 38, 55.
Clothairc II, 14.
Clovis II, 15, 17.
Colman (St.), 65.
Cologne, 28, 85. 86, 107.
Coloman (St.), 6, 90, 97, 123,
140, 143-145.
Colton, 41.
Columba (St.), 6, 56, 57, 69,
101, 113-116, 122.
Columban (St.), xviii, xix,
7-15, 17-19, 86, 56, 57, 70,
75, 76, 97, 121-124, 134,
147, 149.
Columcille, sce Columb0.

Gaelic Pioneers

Columquille, Cee Columba.
Comgall (St..), 5s, 149.
Concord {St.), 138.
Constance, 125.
Constanline of St. Sympho-
rian, 84.
Corbican (St.), 19.
Crbie, 15. 46, 101, 102.
Coulommicrs, 10.
Crécy, 11, 136.
Cinmfin, 88.
Cummian (St.), 12, 58.
Cunningham (W. D. D.), 32.
Cutubilla, see Columba.
Cyran (St.), 14.
Cyril (St.), 58.

Dado, 13.
Dagobert I, 14.
-- II, 23.
Danes, 39, 50.
Danish, 37, 40, 66, 75.
Danube, xiii, 90, 98, 143.
David, 118, 150.
Declan (St.), 4.
Deicola, see Desle.
Delchambre (E. C.), 130.
Delisle (L.), 23, 62, 105, 129.
Denys (Pseudo-), 51.
Deppisch (G.), 145.
Dermot, 53.
Desiderius, ¢ee Didier of
Cahors.
Desle {St.), 134, 135.
Dicui]. 4.

of Christianity
Didier of Cahors, 14, 28, 78.
Dido of Poities, 23.
Disibod {St.), 20.
Disibodenbe»g, 20.
Dixon {Abp. 5oseph), 13.
Dobdag»ec, 2.
Donatus (Grammarian), 52.
-- of Fiesole, 7, 22, 82.
Down, 68.
Dresden, 53.
Drexlcr (W.), !15, 116.
Du Broc de Segange (L.),
136.
Dubthach, 60.
Du Cange, 78.
Duine fF.), 124.
Diimmler, 85.
Dunchad, 48.
Dungal, 12, 75.
-- {Bp.), 46.
-- of St. Denis, 46, 90.
-- of Pavia, 47, 50, 63.
-- (poet), 47.
-- of Bobbio, 47.
Dungals, 43, 46.
Diirwàchter (A.), xiii.
Dympne (St.), 127, 128.

Eberger of Cologne, 85, 86.
Echternach, 101, 102, 105.
Eddius, 73.
Edmunds (J. E.), 48.
Egber¢, 57.
Egli (E.). o5.

Ehronsteçten, 142.
Einhard, 18, 29, 69.
Einsiedeln, 121, 124.
Ekkehart, 11.
Elias of Angoulême, 50.
-- of Cologne, 86.
Eligius (St.), 13-15.
Emly, 36.
Emmerich (Franz), 21.
England, 65, 69, 149.
Epernay, 81.
Erchinoald, 17, 18.
Er[urt, 104, 105, 146.
Ermenrich of Ehvangen,
66.
Ernault (E.), 103, 124.
Esposito (Mario), 46, 50, 64.
Essen, 140.
Europe, pasMm.
Eusebius of Mt. St. Victor,
11, 82, 90.
Eustasius, 15.
Eutyches, 52.
Ewatingen, 142.

Faouët (Le), 136.
Fara (St.), 10.
Faremoutiers, 10.
Faro (St.), 10, 13, 78, 135.
F siidius (Bp.), 3.
Faustus of Riez, 3.
Fawtier (Robert), 65.
Fergus, 53.
Ferguson (Lady), 68.
Ferté-sous-Jouarre, 10.

Index
Fiacre (St.), 11, 135-137,
142.
Fiesole, 82.
Filibert (St.), 13, 14.
Fingen, 84.
Finislère, 137.
Finnian (St.), 55, 56, 65.
Fintan (St.), 32, 88, 105,
110.
Fischer (J), 147.
-- (Th.), 105, 132, 138.
Flanders, 131, 132.
Flavinus (Bp.), 14.
Flodoard, 77.
Foillan (St.), 18, 106, 128o
130.
Folcuin, 22, 79.
Forannan, 37, 83, 84.
Forbes (A. P.), 73.
Fosses, 18, 19, 101, 106, 129,
131.
Fournier (Paul), 48.
Fowler (J. T.), 6, 113.
France, xv, 19, 46, 50, 62,
81, 99, 131, 134, 139.
Francis (St.), xix.
Franco of Liège, 52, 77, 78.
Frnconia, 20, 98, 141.
Franco-Saxon, 62.
Frnkish, 42, 43, 64, 82.
Franz (Ad.), 112, 120, 125,
132.
Friart (Norbert), 129.
Fricor, 19, 72.
Fridolin (St.), 141, 148.
Fridugise, 43.
Frohen, 18, 135.
57

Gaelic Pionecrs

Fulda, 87, 89, 122.
lursa (St.), 17-19, 81, 80,
97, 128, 129, 184, 185,
147.
Fiien, 123, 144.

Gaels, xiii, xiv, 104.
Gaidoz (H.), 115, 128, 189.
Gall (St.), 6, 97, 110. 122,
123-126, 147.
Gallcaweiler, 125.
Gallia, see Gaul.
Garos, P. B., 138.
Garnier of Rouen, 146.
flattl, 5, 8, 9-12, 15, 17,
22, 86, 42, 57, 65, 70, 71,
98, 101, 118, 135, 149.
Gatms (Karl), 110.
Genoa, 110, 111.
Gerard of Toul (St.), 85.
Germanus of Auxerre (St.),
49, 66.
Germny, xv, 38, 80, 08, 88,
87, 98, 102, 115, 122, 123,
125, 181-133, 141, 142,
147, 149.
Gernaans, 93, 117, 119.
Gertrude of Iivelles (St.),
18, 101, 116, 125, 129-185.
Gheel, 127, 128.
Gisent, 20.
Ghesquire (Joseph), 147.
Gibrianus (St.), 4.
Gilbert (Ph.), 22.
Giraldus Cambresis,
Giry (A0, 01.

of Christianity
Givenchy-le-Noble, 100.
Glaber (Raoul), 117.
Glan, 20.
Gobtin (St.), 19, 184.
Gottlieb, 47.
Gottschalk, 49.
G6ttweig, 90.
Grandidier (P. A.), 108, 109.
Gt.. Britain, 10, 17, 49, 57,
70, 71, 79.
Greece, 48.
Greek, xviii, 42, 51, 52, 57,
58, 68.
Gregory (Pope St.), 25, 149.
of Tours (St.), 9.
Grinam (Jakob), 182.
Grinaoald, 66.
Grotefend (Hermann), 120.
Guibert (E.), 106.
Guingerop, 137.
Gtrow, 119, 120.
Gutestein, 125.
Gwynn (E. J.), 86.

ttaddan (A. W.), 27, 35, 73.
Hadrian, 68.
F[alitgaire (Bp.), 48.
Hanailion (G. L.), 104.
Harig«.ire (Bp.), 52, 54, 78.
Hassell, 127.
Hastière, 84.
Hauck (A.), 9, 10, 14 t 20-22,
25, 80.
Haurau (B.), 00.
Heber, 109.
Hebrew, 57.
8

Index

Hoirie of Auxerre, 49, 50,
Heliae (Bp.), 28.
Y[ellmann (S.), 52, 58, 64.
]em.y II (St.), 90, 121, 148.
Herck-la-Ville, 128.
Heribcrt of Cologne (St.),
74.
]esse, 109.
I-[ildegard (St.), 20.
Hildoard (Bp.), 47, 48.
]incmar of Rheims, 51-53.
-- of Laon, 50, 51.
Hirschau, 122, 124.
Iock (Auguste), 111.
]oefler (lI.), 125, 140, 142,
144.
]2Iohenschwangen, 144.
][ohenstadt, 102.
Honau, 21, 28, 79, 108.
Horace, 56.
Howel the Good, 73.
Huefner (A.), 12.
Hull (Eleanor), 61.
Hungary, 143.
guy, 11 l.

Ibar (St.), 4.
India, 141.
Iona, 87, 56. 57, 118, 116.
Irel nd, passim.
Irish, passim.
Irmingard, 52.
Isaiaa, 45.
Israel, xxii.
Issoudan, 102.

Italy, 11, 44, 40, 65, 98, 99,
121.
Itta, 18, 129.

James (M. E.), 22.
Jane (M. L. C.), 69.
Janner (Ferd.), I1.
Jerome (St.), 25.
Jocelin of Bra kelond, 68, 60.
146.
 of Furness, 73.
John (St.), 141.
 XVII, 84.
 oï GSttweig, 90.
-- of Mecklenburg, 147.
 Scottuo Erigena, xviii
50-52, 68, 64.
ffon,s of Bobbio, 7, 8.
Josephus (Flavius), 58.
Josephus Scottus, 48, 45.
Josso (St.), 79, 109.
Jouarre, 10, 16.
Judoea, 140.
Judoc, see ffosse.
Juhaiz (C.), 148.
Jumièges, 18, 14.

Kadroe, see Cadroë.
Kakukal i11,% see Columba.
K.kwkylla, see Columba
Kcller (F.), 12.
:Kent, 70.
Kentigern (St.), 7.
Kiev, 91, 92.
Kildare, 101, 10, 100.
59

Gaelic

Kilian (St.), 11, 20, 21, 81,
82, 36, 44, 71, 80, 97, 135,
140, 141.
Kilros, 73.
Zirchpoen, 142.
Korth (L.}, 108, 130, 181,
140.
Krabbo (H.J, 22.
Krusch (BrunoJ, 15, 16. 23.
25, 58, 102, 181.
Kurth (G.J, 22, 25.

Lagny, 17, 185.
Lahaye, 88.
Lallenu nd (L.J, 82.
Landévermec, ]01, 102.
Laon, 48, 50, 51.
Laux (J. J.J, 8, 21.
Lavisse (E.L 81.
Lawlor (H. J-L 87, 39, 88,
150.
Le Brz (Anatole), 112.
Leck, 123, 18'7, 138.
Leclercq (D. H.L 102.
Lëger (Lotfisj, 92.
Légipont (O.j, 86.
Leislle (Davidj, 123.
Lemenc, 188.
Leo (HermannJ, 141.
Leonard (St.J, 142.
Leubringhen, 106.
Levison (Ve.J, 22, 98, 106,
121, 129.
Liborius (St.J, 140.
Liège, 48, 52, 76-78, 107,
111, 180.

Pioncers of Christianity
Liestal, 109, 110.
Liguria, 110, 128, 124.
Litnburg, 128.
Limousin, 9.
Lindislarne, 64.
Link6ping, 115.
Lisbon, 102.
Lisieux, 102.
Livin (St.J, 201.
Locniné, 124.
Locronn, 188.
Loire, 23, 70, 121.
Longrey, 14.
Lorraine, 125, 141.
Lorsch, 46.
Loth (J.j, 72, 124.
Lothir I, 52.
 I1, 53.
Louis the Germn, 52, 81.
 the Pious, 44.
Luke (St.}, 105.
Lumbre, 106.
Lumir, 102.
Lupus de Ferrières, 69, 79.
Lure, 122, 135.
Lussac-les-Châteaux, 28.
Luxeuil, 13-15, 56, 57, 97,
101, 102.

Mabillon, oas/rn.
Macerias, see Frohen.
Maelruain (St.), 86.
Magnus {St.J, 122, 128.
lIai {A.J, 53.
Mainz, 20, 26, 89, 108.
lIalachy (St.j, 89, 139, 150.

z6o

Index

Malnory (A.), 12.
Mangstrit.t, 123.
Manitius (M.), 45.
BIansi, passim.
lIarcellus, 11.
BIarcus, 53.
lIarianus Sco/tus, 5, 31, 71,
85-87, 89, 93.
of lafisbon, xiii,
89-92.
Marius Mercator, 3.
l[ark (Bp.), 11, 49.
Marne, xiii, 121.
Martin (St.), 149.
-- (E.), 8, 11.
-- (Hibernicus), 51.
Marfine, 16.
Maugille (St.), 19, 134.
BIaurice of latisbon, 91.
Mazerolles, 23.
BIeaux, 11, 17, 78, 80, 81,
135, 136.
l[ecklenburg, 119, 147.
Mechlin, 20.
BIelk, 90, 143, 145.
BIénez-]om, 138.
Mercia, 28, 71.
Merovingians, 5, 19, 78, 97,
127, 129.
Metlake, see Laux.
B[etz, 83, 1°-5.
Meuse, xiii.
Meyer (A.), 38.
-- (E. Il.), 142.
-- (Kuno), 45, 102, 118.
-- (Paul), 118.
-- (W.), 117.

Michael (St.), 114.
Iiesges (P.), 102, 107, 131.
Milan, 60.
BIiller (E.), 51.
Mocaër (M. P.), xiv.
1Moedoc (St..), 32.
l[oenan, 19.
BIoengal, see Marcellus.
Moling (St.), 111.
Molinier (A.), 48, 62.
Molua (St.), 32.
Mommelin, 15.
Momnen (Th.), 3.
Monffaucon, 53.
[onus or lIannus (St.), 136,
14.2.
Morbihan, 112, 124, 137.
Morin (D. G.), 3.
Moriuh, 146.
5Iount Blandin, 20.
Mount. Sain-Victor, 11, 82.
Moutiers-en-Puisaie, 29.
Moville, 37, 55
Mowat, ll-L
Muellenhoff, 125, 132.
BIuirchu Matou Mactheni,
58. 
l[ulbacher (E.), 29, 80.
Munding (Em.), 105.
Munich, 113, 115.
Murbach, 125.
Murcheratus, 5, 89, 90.

Nahe, 20.
Namur, 130.
Nennius, 65.

II 161

Gaelic Pioneers

Neubronn, 102.
Neustria, 121.
lewman (J. t.), 39.
icholas of Bibra, 104, 105,
182, 146.
Ninine, 108.
Nisard, 128.
Nivelles, 101, 102, 105, 129,
181.
Noirmoutier, 14.
Norbecourt, 106.
Norêên lA. G.), 115.
7ormans, 84.
lorthmen, 19, 89.
Novatianism, 4.
Noyon, 15.

Oberschwaerstad, 142.
O'Curry (E.), 88.
Oda (St.), 147.
O'Donovan (John), 19, 138.
Oengus, 88.
Offa, 28.
Olden (Th.), 40.
Orner (St.), 15.
OrnezC, 180.
Omont (Il.), 146
O'Neill (J.), 86.
Oppermann, 86.
Origen, 68.
Orkneys, 88.
Ott (M.), 1-'28.
Otte (Heinrich), 116, 119.
Otto I, 88.
-- III, 86.
-- of t{atisbon, 91.

of Christianity
Ouen (St..), 13.
Ovid, 56.
Owen, 74.

Paderborn, 89, 140.
Palatinat e, 143.
Pannonia, 149.
Parczeroski, 92.
Pardessus, 28.
Paris, 58, 71, 13.
Paternus, 89.
Patrick (St.), 4, 24, 35, 37,
88, 55, 58, 101-108, 111,
131, 133, 141, 149.
Paul (St.), xx, 34, 53, 140.
-- the (Deacon), 48.
Paulinus, 42.
Pavia, 47.
Pelagius, 8.
Péronne, 18, 81, 61, 79, 97,
101, 102, 129, 185.
Perseus, 56.
Peter (St.), 140.
-- of Pisa, 42.
Pez (B.), 91.
Pf/tffers, 102, 110, 121, 124.
Pfleger (L.), 186.
Pflugk-ttarttung (J. V. ), 70.
Philip of Meaux, 186.
Piacenza, 82.
Picardy, 129.
Picts, 88.
Pipin the Short, 22.
 II, 129.
Piremae (tt.), 52, 58.
Plaine (D. F.), 188.
I62

Index

Plato, 63.
Plogonnec, 138.
Plouagat, 137.
Ploun6rez-Porzay, 138.
Plummer (Gh.), 10, lï, 5ï,
70, 73, 118.
æoitiers, 28, 78.
Poncelet (A.), 15, 110.
Ponthieu, 72, 79.
Porphyry, 53.
Priscian, 53.
Prosper of Aquitaine, 3.
Prou (M.), 61.
Purton (W. J.), 36.

Quéménéven, 138.
Quentovic, 72, 79.

1]aban lIaur, 122.
1Radenac, 137.
Ratisbon, xiii, 90-92.
Ratpert of St. Gall, 11, 88.
Rebais, 10, 13.
1Rees {V. J.), 65.
Reeves (V.), 21, 36, 41, 68,
69.
1Reichenau, 101, 10- °, 105,
125.
1Remigius (St.), 4:
-- of Auxerre, 49.
1Renan {E.), 45.
1Renz (G. A.), 91.
Rhaetia, 82.
1Rheims, 4, 22, 48, 49, 81,
102.
1Rheinau, 88, 105, 110.

1]hine, xiii, 21, 75, 98, 107,
108, 110, 121, 131, 141.
1Rhoen (C.), 130.
1Richard of Canterbury, 2ïo
-- of Fulda, 87.
lichborough, ï0.
1Ried (Thomas), 91.
1Riezler (S.), 21.
liquier (St.), 19.
listelhuber (P.), 126.
1Rodingus (St.), 20.
Roger (M.), 53, 57-59.
Rokowode (. Gage), 68.
lomanus, 23.
1Rombault (St.), 20, 71, 147.
1Rome, passim.
1Ronan {St.) or Renan, 187,
138.
1R6ihis, 90.
1Rouen, 13, 81.
lousseau {Ftix}, 130.
l:tozoy, 10.
Rudolf of Bourges, 81.
Rupert of Salzburg (Si.),
141.
1Russia, 91.

Sckingen, 110, 141, 142,
145.
Saëns (St.), 14.
St. Augustine at Pavia, 44.
St. Blasien (Alsaee), 125.
St. Brigid at Cologne, 10ï.
-- at Mainz, 108.
St. Clement. at Metz, 83, 84.
St. Denis at Paris, 47.

I63

Gaelic lonecrs

St. Denis af St. Orner, 106.
St.. Edmundsbury, 68, 69.
St. Fiacre (Brie). 11, 135.
St. Gall, xx, 11, 12, 81, 46,
65, 97, 106, 110.
St.. Germaine (]=Iaute-Saône)
134.
,St. ffames af. Erfurt, 104.
-- ai latisbon, 91, 92.
St. Lambert a.t Liège, 52.
St. Martin af Cdogne, 85,
86, 107.
Si.. Médard, 49.
St.. Michael a.t. Schotten, 109.
St. Michel-en-Tiérache, 83.
St,. Orner, 106.
St. Pan*aleon af Cologne,
86, 107.
St. Paul at Mainz, 108.
St.. Peter af Ghent, 20.
 af lheims, 102.
 ai Salzburg, 21, 22.
-- t Strasbnrg, 108.
8t. Quentin af ttasselt, 128.
St. Remi af. Rheims, 49.
St. l=enan of Fifistère, 137.
St. Sauveffr-en-Puis&ie, 79.
St. Sebastian, 49.
St. Symphorian, 84.
St. Ulrich af Adelberg, 116.
St. Vaast. af Arras, 62.
St.. Vanne af Verdun, 84.
St. Yrieix, 9.
St. Zeno af Verona, 76.
Sallust, 56.
Salzburg, 22, 141.
Samson (St.), 75, 147.

Sandwich, 70.
San Teodoro af Genoa, 111.
Sauvage (R. .), 137.
Savoy, 188, 189.
Schaefer (K. t.), 107.
Schaffhausen, 88.
Scheffel, 145.
Scherer, 125, 182.
Schmeller (J. A.),
Schoenbach (A), 111, 114,
140.
Schotten, 109.
Schottenkirche, 108.
Schot.tenklSster, xvii, 68, 91.
Schultze (W.), 45, 61.
Schwangau, 144.
ScoIch, xvfi, 68, 69, 92, 108.
Scotti, passim.
S«rivener (F. H. A.), 4.
Sébillot (Paul), 112.
Sedtflius Scottus, xviii,
58, 58, 64, 74, 7.5.
Seebas (0.), 56.
Seefelde,, 125.
Seneffe, 1°-9.
Sens, 81.
Sherborne, 66.
Sicily, 8.
Sigewulf, 43.
Soissons, 26, 48, 49, 76.
Solignac, 14..
Solomon, 66.
Spain, 113.
Spann (la), 122.
Spires, 122.
Staufen, 142.
Steinweg (Col'l), 117.
I64

Index

Stockerau, O0, 143.
Stokes (G. I.), 87, 40, 48, 58,
88.
 (lIargaret), 12, 19,
--(W]fitley), 7, 34, 88,
108.
Strachan (ff.), 34, 48.
Strasburg, 21, 108, 109.
Strecker (K.), 46.
Stubbs (XV.), 27, 85, 78.
Stueckelbcrg (E. A.), 110,
121, 124, 125.
Styria, 102.
Suabia, 143.
Sulien (Sulgenus), 57.
Sweden, 112, 115.
Switzcrland, xv, 11.97, 102,
110, 121, 124, 141.
Sybil, 20.

Tarsus, 63.
Thierry of Si. Trond, 71,
147.
Theodore of Can[erbury, 63,
72.
Theodoric of Ietz, 83.
Thomas (St.), 141.
Tibery, 124.
Tïralla (Il.), 53.
Todd (J. Il.), 37.
Tomianus, 23.
Tononi (G.), 82.
Totnam, 140.
Toug,rd (A.), 57.
Toul, 85.

Tours, 26, 29, 33, 118.
Traube. (I), 18, 19, 38, 46,
49, 50, 51, 53, 60, 61, 74.
Trepicr, 139.
Trèves, 20, 101, 102, 107.
Tuban, 21.
Turgesius, 37.
Turin, 47.
Turner (W.), 44.
Tyrol, 132.

Ueberlingen, 125.
Ultan (St.), 19,
131. [
Ursin (St.), 13.

128, 129,

Vacandard (E.), 12-14.
Vado,lus (St.), 6.
Valery (St..), 15.
Van der Essen (-L L.), 15,
127, 129, 133.
Vannes, 112.
Varennes,
Vendryes (J.), xiv, 45.
Ver, 26.
Vermflus (licholas),
Verx ins, 135.
Vienna, xvii, 143.
Vikings, 37, 40, 88.
Virgil, 56.
of Salzburg, 6, 21,
oo
Voivre, 122.
Vorarlberg, 90.
Vulganius, 70, 72.
Vykoukal (E.), 26.

Gaelic Ploneers

Waitz (G.). 85.
Valaricus, 6.
Waldebcrtus, 8.
Vales, 74.
Wallon, 106.
Walsh (T. A.), 107, 130.
Wandrille (St.), 13.
Warren (F. E.), 38, 50.
raersclfleben (F. W. IX.),
36, 48, 56.
Vattenbach (W.), 68, 75.
Waulsort, 83.
Wavrans-sur-l'Aa, 106.
Weih St.. Peter, 90.
Veinhold (1:[.), 123, 125,
132, 140.
VVeiss (Ch. Fred.), 12.
Veissenau, 125.
Welsh, 65, 73.
WeniIo of Sens, 81.
Werner (J-.), 132.
West.phaIia, 89.
Wicbald of Auxerre, 50.
Widric, 85.

or t_,hr'rgtlanlty
Wilfrid (St..), 73.
Willibrord (St.), 57, 102,
113, 116.
Wilson (I:L A.), 102, 105,
113.
Vinterfeld (Parti von), 105.
Wittnau, 125.
Witto, 43.
SVittstock, 119.
Wratislaw of Bohemia, 91.
SVrede {Adam), 108.
VVih.dtwein {S. A.), 109.
WutoEemberg, 102, 116, 144.
Wurzburg, 20, 31, 44, 97,
140.

Zachaxy (Pope), 22.
Zeitldorn, 116.
Zeumer, 120.
Zimmer {1.), 38, 45, ï0.
Zimmern, 125.
Zingerle {/L), 116, 132.

I66

GOUGAUD, Louis.
Gaelic pioneers of
Christianity.

BQX
2219
.G6 .

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